South Asia Terrorism Portal
TLP: A Thorn in the Flesh Tushar Ranjan Mohanty Research Associate, Institute for Conflict Management
On October 27, 2021, at least four Policemen were killed and over 253 were injured, as thousands of followers of the proscribed Tehreek-i-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP) clashed with law-enforcement personnel near Sadhoke in the Gujranwala District of Punjab. Police said the clashes were triggered after they tried to block the TLP activists' march towards Islamabad. An unnamed Punjab Police spokesman said,
The TLP, on the other hand, claimed that several of their activists had also been killed or wounded.
Earlier, on October 22, 2021, three Policemen were killed and multiple others injured in a clash with supporters of TLP near the Katcheri Chowk in Lahore, the provincial capital of Punjab. The Policemen were hit by a TLP vehicle. The TLP, meanwhile, alleged that its workers had to endure the “worst shelling in history” and were “attacked from all sides” near the Mao College Pul (Bridge), Lahore. They claimed that 500 workers were injured, while 15 were in serious condition. The clash took place when TLP cadres, who had launched their latest round of sit-in protests at Multan Road in Lahore on October 20, started marching towards Islamabad in the afternoon of October 22.
TLP has been adopting these violent measures to force the Government to release its chief, Hafiz Saad Hussain Rizvi, the son of its late founder Khadim Rizvi, who has been detained by the Punjab Government since April 12, 2021, under the Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA), 1997, under provisions for the “maintenance of public order." TLP is also demanding the removal of the ban on the group imposed by the Government on April 15, 2021.
On November 8, 2020, TLP staged a massive rally at Sharea Faisal in Karachi, Sindh, and demanded severance of diplomatic ties with Paris, expulsion of the French Ambassador to Pakistan Marc Barety, and a boycott of French products, in retaliation to President Emmanuel Macron’s statement that he understood the Muslims’ shock at the Prophet Muhammad cartoons, but, “I will always defend in my country the freedom to speak, to write, to think, to draw.” TLP asked the Federal Government to take “practical steps,” otherwise it would be compelled to take “extreme action.” TLP also urged the Federal Government to “declare jihad” against France. President Macron added, further, “Islam is a religion that is in crisis all over the world today, we are not just seeing this in our country.” Macron made these statements following the beheading of a French teacher in Paris on October 16, 2020. The teacher had shown caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed in a class.
As pressure mounted, on November 16, 2020, the Government reached an agreement with TLP to decide on the matter by February 16, 2021. On November 17, 2020, TLP released a copy of the handwritten agreement which read that the Government would
take a decision from the Parliament regarding expulsion of the French ambassador within three months,
not appoint Pakistan's ambassador to France,
release all the arrested workers of the TLP,
not register any case against TLP leaders or workers after it calls off the sit-in.
Soon after the agreement, on November 19, 2020, TLP founder and firebrand cleric Khadim Hussain Rizvi died after an illness. His son, Saad Rizvi, took over as TLP chief.
TLP is a far-right Islamist political party, known for its countrywide street power and massive protests in opposition to any softening of Pakistan's blasphemy law. The party has its roots in the Bareilvi sect of Sunni Islam, and came into existence on August 1, 2015. The group gained notoriety after the hanging of Mumtaz Qadri, who was convicted for the assassination of the late Punjab Governor Salman Taseer. Qadri was one of Taseer’s body guards, and had reportedly been incensed by the Governor’s efforts to secure marginal amendments to the Blasphemy Law, as also his advocacy of Aasia Bibi, a Christian woman sentenced to death, purportedly for blasphemy.
Doubting the Government's willingness to act on the November 2020 agreement, Saad Rizvi warned on January 3, 2021,
However, on February 11, 2021, TLP called off its protest after a new agreement was signed between the party leaders and the Government in which it was decided that the latter would present the terms of the November 2020 agreement in the Parliament, before April 20, 2021.
Again, as the deadline approached and TLP felt that no efforts were being made by the Government to fulfil its commitments, Saad Rizvi issued a video message on April 11, 2021, mobilising TLP workers to prepare for a protest march if the Government failed to meet the deadline. Later, on the same day, he was arrested from Lahore.
As expected, violent protests started immediately across Pakistan and gained steady momentum. The Government banned TLP on April 15. Violence escalated further. On April 18, TLP cadres attacked the Nawankot Police Station in Lahore, Punjab, and took 12 Policemen hostage. They were driven to their Markaz (Centre) comprising a mosque and madrassa nearby. Abruptly, the Government bowed before TLP and opened channels for talks. The 12 policemen were released on April 19. On April 20 an agreement was reached between the two sides. Hundreds of other TLP cadres arrested under the Maintenance of Public Order Act were released. According to official data, four policemen were killed and over 800 persons were injured in the violence between April 12 and April 19. Property worth PKR tens of millions was damaged. TLP claimed 10 of its cadres were killed.
Saad Rizvi was taken into custody on April 12 for 90 days under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997, for inciting his followers to violence. Upon the expiry of his 90-day detention on July 2, 2021, he was produced before the review board at the Lahore High Court (LHC). During the hearing, the review board rejected the Government's request to extend his detention for another 90 days under the Maintenance of Public Order (MPO) Ordinance, 1960. However, the Lahore Deputy Commissioner again ordered Saad Rizvi’s detention on July 10, under the Anti-Terrorism Act. Saad Rizvi’s paternal uncle, Ameer Hussain, filed a petition before the LHC on September 7, 2021, asking that the Court declare the Government's extension of Saad Rizvi’s detention illegal and order his release. On October 1, the LHC declared the detention illegal. However, on October 2, the Federal review board of the Supreme Court (SC) ordered an extension of the detention. The Punjab Government approached the SC on October 11, challenging the LHC’s October 1 order. On October 12, the SC referred the matter of Saad Rizvi's release to a two-member special bench of LHC.
As the release of Saad Rizvi did not materialize, TLP decided to organize a sit-in on Lahore’s Multan Road on October 20 and set a deadline of 5pm [PST] on October 21 for the release of its chief.
As was the case earlier, this time too Islamabad surrendered before the lawlessness of the proscribed group. On October 21, a day after the sit-in protest started, the Government announced the release of another 350 TLP activists, and also that cases against other TLP cadres would be withdrawn by October 27. The Government also assured the TLP leaders that it would review the Fourth Schedule list containing their names and would work on a plan to release their jailed chief Saad Rizvi. The Federal Interior Minister, who addressed the press after leading a government team in negotiations with representatives of TLP, including its detained chief, in Islamabad, tweeted,
Further, on October 25, 2021, Federal Interior Minister Sheikh Rashid maintained that the Federal Government had decided to unfreeze the bank accounts of seminaries associated with TLP on the orders of Prime Minister Imran Khan. He added that the accounts were being activated, and described the ongoing dialogue with the banned outfit as “good”.
However, apprehensive of its bilateral relations with France in particular, and the international community at large, Islamabad has declined to agree on to shutting down the French Embassy and the expulsion of the French Ambassador as demanded by TLP. Commenting on the issue, Federal Interior Minister Sheikh Rashid claimed, on October 26, 2021, that the Government and TLP had reached an agreement on all other issues, while the latter had given a deadline of November 2, 2021 for the acceptance of this final demand.
Confident of its complete victory against a weak and spineless Government, TLP supporters continued their march towards Islamabad on October 27. Despite, the deployment of Rangers in eight Districts (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Chakwal, Gujrat and Faisalabad) of Punjab, TLP protesters reached Chanda Qila, a few kilometers from Gujranwala, where the clash took place. Further, on October 30, 2021, thousands of TLP followers continued their sit-in in the Wazirabad Industrial town of Gujranwala District for a second day, as they waited for instructions from their leaders to move ahead. The protestors, who reached Wazirabad from Gujranwala town on October 29, spent the night at the Zafar Ali Khan Bypass.
The Government's approach has broken the confidence of the Police force, which has borne the brunt of TLP-led violence. An October 26, 2021, report quoted an unnamed Deputy Inspector General-rank officer as stating,
Meanwhile, in a face-saving statement on October 28, National Security Adviser (NSA) Moeed Yusuf tweeted,
Despite these brave words and Yusuf’s attempt to portray Islamabad’s strength and will to confront any violent or terrorist formation, the reality is that the leadership in power evidently lacks the will to take on groups like TLP. This is principally because the Military Establishment and all political parties in Pakistan have clandestine relations with such groups. In a theocratic state like Pakistan, religious groups will always enjoy power in the shadows and will remain the state’s Achilles heel.
AOBSZC: Compounding Losses Deepak Kumar Nayak Research Associate, Institute for Conflict Management
On October 17, 2021, after a four-day long combing operation, a joint team of Security Forces (SFs) recovered a huge cache of explosives and other articles belonging to the Community Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist) from the Tulasi Forest Range in Malkangiri District, Odisha. The recoveries included one Self Loading Rifle (SLR) with three magazines, one INSAS [Indian Small Arms System] assault rifle with a magazine, one AK-47 magazine, 59 rounds of SLR ammunitions 21 INSAS rounds, a Maoist kit bag, walky-talkies, electronic equipment, detonators, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), remote controllers for IEDs, some medicines and Maoist literature. The combing operation was launched on October 14, 2021, on the basis of inputs regarding Maoist presence in the area. An exchange of fire broke out between SFs and Maoists on October 15, following which, taking advantage of the hilly terrain, the Maoists managed to escape. However, the operation continued till October 17.
On October 12, 2021, three CPI-Maoist cadres, identified as Anil aka Kishor aka Muka Sodi, Chinna Rao, and Sony, were shot dead in an encounter in the same area. One SF trooper was injured. The encounter took place following a combing operation that was launched in the region on the basis of inputs regarding the presence of the Maoists in the area. Sodi was a native of Sudhakonda village under Kalimela Police Station limits, and carried a cash reward of INR 500,000 on his head. He was working as a ‘secretary’ of the Gumma ‘area committee’ under the ‘Andhra Odisha Border Special Zonal Committee’ (AOBSZC). Rao, a party member of the Pedabayalu ‘area committee’, carried a cash reward of INR 100,000. The lone female cadre, Sony, a native of Chhattisgarh, working as an ‘area committee member’ and a member in the protection team of CPI-Maoist ‘Central Committee’ member Uday. She had a cash reward of INR 400,000 on her head. All the three Maoists were involved in various violent incidents targeting SFs and civilians. One SLR, an INSAS assault rifle, three SLR magazines, one INSAS magazine, two damaged INSAS magazine, 59 rounds of SLR ammunition, 21 INSAS rounds, one AK-47 magazine, one rifle sling kit, three kit bags, 10 electric detonators, and two remote controls for IEDs were recovered by the SFs from the location.
According to partial data compiled by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), the Andhra Odisha Border (AOB) region which comprises five Districts of southern Odisha (Malkangiri, Koraput, Rayagada, Gajapati and Ganjam) and the four north coastal Districts of Andhra Pradesh (East Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam), has registered 10 Naxal (Left Wing Extremist) fatalities in the current year, so far (data till October 31, 2021). During the corresponding period in 2020, the AOB region recorded two Naxal fatalities and in the remaining period of the year, another three Naxalites were killed, taking the total to five Naxal fatalities through 2020.
On the other hand, the last SF fatality in the AOB region was reported on August 28, 2019, when a trooper was killed during an exchange of fire between SFs and the Maoists in the Swabhiman area near Bonda Ghat in the Malkangiri District of Odisha. One CPI-Maoist cadre was also killed in the incident.
The SFs have evidently made considerable gains in the region. Interestingly, in the 10 years, between 2001 and 2010, the SF:Naxal kill ratio was in favour of the Maoists, at 1.49:1, while, between 2011 and 2020, the ratio has favoured the SFs at 1:4.37.
Meanwhile, SFs have arrested one Maoist in the region in the current year (data till October 31, 2021), in addition to nine in 2020, 21 in 2019, and 60 in 2018. Mounting SF pressure has also resulted in the surrender of 17 Maoists in the current year, in addition to 42 in 2020, 43 in 2019, and 51 in 2018. Significantly, since 2001, 1,244, Maoists have been arrested, and 5,606 have surrendered in the AOB region.
Not surprisingly, civilian fatalities, a key index of security in an area/region, have declined continuously on a year-on-year basis, since 2014, when they totalled 32. As against 22 fatalities recorded in this category both in 2015 and 2016, there were 21 fatalities in 2017, nine in 2018, seven in 2019 and 2020, and two in 2021 (data till October 31). During this period (2014-2020), the SF:Naxalite kill was 1:6.70, much higher than the overall (2001-2021) ratio of 1:1.30 in the AOB region.
Since the formation of the ‘AOBSZC’ in 2001, the AOB region recorded at least 839 fatalities (320 civilians, 219 SF personnel, 286 Naxalites and 14 ‘unspecified’, (data till October 31, 2021). Taking the yearly fatalities into account, a high of 96 fatalities (15 civilians, 61 SF personnel, 17 Naxalites and three unspecified) were documented in 2008, while a low of 12 (seven civilians, and five Naxalites) were documented in 2020. Overall fatalities in the region have tended to follow a cyclical pattern.
Meanwhile, Akkiraju Haragopal aka Ramakrishna aka RK (58), carrying a reward of INR 10 million, a member of the ‘Central Committee’ of the CPI-Maoist and in charge of the AOBSZC, died of chronic illness in the Bijapur District of Chhattisgarh on October 13, 2021. RK, a key ideologue of the party, led the then Communist Party of India–Marxist-Leninist (CPI-ML) People's War in the ‘peace talks’ with the then Congress Government headed by Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy in undivided Andhra Pradesh in 2004. The party shifted him to the AOB area after alleged attempts to eliminate him began following the failure of ‘peace talks’ with the Andhra Pradesh Government in 2004.
Apparently, RK had narrowly escaped with his life, though he lost his son Munna aka Akkiraju Prithvi aka Shivaji (27), an ‘area committee member’ of Malkangiri’s cut-off area Local Guerrilla Squad (LGS), in the twin encounters in the Bejingi Forest area between Ramgarh and Panasput in Malkangiri District on October 24 and 27, 2016, resulting in the death of 28 and two Maoist cadres, respectively. The incident dealt a major blow to the outfit in the AOB region.
Indeed, Damodar Gautam Sawang, Director General of Police (DGP), Andhra Pradesh, claimed, on August 13, 2021, that the CPI-Maoist was losing ground in the AOB region, which was earlier considered a Maoist 'guerrilla base area.' According to Sawang, there are several factors, such as dwindling public support, lack of recruitment from tribals, discrimination of the top cadre who hail from plain areas towards tribals, series of exchanges of fire, arrests and surrenders in the recent months, attractive surrender and rehabilitation policy of the State Government and the changed scenario on the AOB, where Maoist cadres are shrinking. DGP Sawang elaborated,
According to an October 27, 2021, report, however, DGP Sawang warned that this year, 2.9 lakh kilograms of ganja (marijuana) had been seized in the AOB region, so far. A target had been set to destroy the crop in more than 4,500 acres in the AOB region. Sawang added,
It is useful to recall, however, that out of the nine Districts of the AOB region, two – Malkangiri in Odisha, and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh – remain listed among the ‘25 Most Affected (LWE) Districts’ in eight States of the country, while seven Districts, [Koraput, Malkangiri, and Rayagada in Odisha, and East Godavari, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, and Vizianagaram, in Andhra Pradesh], are still covered under the Security Related Expenditure (SRE) scheme for conducting focused operations against Left Wing ultras.
Moreover, the Maoists are making efforts to keep themselves relevant among the masses. Thus, CPI-Maoist gave a call for a State-wide bandh (general shut down strike) on August 10, 2021, in protest against the alleged illegal mining of laterite and bauxite in the Agency areas in Visakhapatnam and East Godavari Districts of Andhra Pradesh. The Maoists urged the tribals from the affected villages to take a militant stand, to drive away the mining companies and to destroy the trucks and heavy earthmoving equipment that are being used for mining. The Maoists also urged the tribals not to allow the Police to organise volleyball tournaments and medical camps in their interior villages, arguing that, in the garb of doing, the Police was actually trying to extend roads constructed to facilitate mining and aid the illegal mining companies. The Maoists also demanded that the construction of the road be stopped. However, according to the State Police, the August 10, 2021, bandh call evoked a lukewarm response in the Visakha Agency region. No untoward incident was reported and all shops and establishments remained open, while public transport functioned as usual. The Police further said that there was no response to the bandh in Maoist-prone Mandals (administrative sub-divisions) such as G.K. Veedhi, Pedabayalu, Munchingput or Chintapalli of the Visakhapatnam District.
Earlier, appealing to tribal people and social activists to lend their support and make the bandh called on July 1, 2021, a success, in a letter released by Ganesh, ‘secretary’ of the AOBSZC, the Maoists, claimed they had provided medicines and food to the tribal people during the pandemic. Maoist leader alleged that the State Government had failed to provide medical support in the Agency areas. He also alleged that COVID-19 tests were not conducted properly in the tribal region and there were no doctors to help. The bandh in the AOB area was called in protest against an encounter on June 16, 2021, in which six Maoist cadres had been killed at Theegalametta in Koyyuru Mandal in the Visakhapatnam Agency of Andhra Pradesh.
There is no doubt, the Maoists are losing their erstwhile areas of influence and strongholds across the country, including the AOBSZC. The SFs will have to encash the strategic disadvantages of the Maoists, as the final battle is far from over, and an enduring peace is yet to be firmly established.
Weekly Fatalities: Major Conflicts in South Asia October 25-31, 2021
Civilians
Security Force Personnel
NS
Total
AFGHANISTAN
INDIA
Jammu and Kashmir
INDIA (Left-Wing Extremism)
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
India (Total)
PAKISTAN
Balochistan
KP
Punjab
PAKISTAN (Total)
Total (South Asia)
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The South Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR) is a weekly service that brings you regular data, assessments and news briefs on terrorism, insurgencies and sub-conventional warfare, on counter-terrorism responses and policies, as well as on related economic, political, and social issues, in the South Asian region.
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