South Asia Terrorism Portal
Swelling Uncertainties S. Binodkumar Singh Research Associate; Institute for Conflict Management
The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) in its latest Midyear Report released on July 30, 2019, announced that the conflict in Afghanistan killed or wounded 3,812 civilians in the first half of 2019. From January 1 to June 30, 2019, UNAMA documented 3,812 civilian casualties (1,366 dead and 2,446 injured), a 27 per cent decrease from the same period in 2018 and the lowest total of civilian casualties for the first six months of the year since 2012. In the corresponding period, UNAMA documented 5,205 civilian casualties in 2018, 5,272 in 2017, 5,275 in 2016, 4,982 in 2015, 4,895 in 2014, 3,921 in 2013 and 3,138 in 2012.
According to partial data compiled by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), at least 109 civilians have died between July 1 and July 31, 2019. Some of the major incidents in July include:
On July 28, 2019, sixteen civilians were killed and 50 were injured in an assassination attempt targeting vice-presidential candidate Amrullah Saleh at Green Trend Office in the 4th Police District of Kabul City.
On July 25, 2019, nine civilians were killed and five were injured in a roadside mine blast in the Wazir area of Khogyani District in Nangarhar Province.
On July 18, 2019, nine civilians and two Policemen were killed and 80 others, including 40 Policemen, were injured in a coordinated attack by Taliban terrorists on the Kandahar Police Headquarters in Kandahar City.
On July 15, 2019, nine civilians were killed and 34 were injured in roadside bomb explosion in Darzab village in the Khakrez District of Kandahar Province.
On July 12, 2019, six civilians were killed and 14 were injured in a targeted suicide bombing conducted in the Pacher Agam District of Nangarhar Province.
On July 7, 2019, twelve civilians were killed and 179 were injured in a Vehicle borne Improvised Explosive Device (VBIED) suicide attack by the Taliban in Police District 3 of Ghazni city.
On July 5, 2019, fourteen civilians were killed and 39 were injured in rocket attacks by Taliban militants in the market area of Khwaja Shabz Posh District of Faryab Province.
According to the latest Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) Quarterly Report released on July 30, 2019, fighting between the Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF) and militant groups in Afghanistan such as the Taliban and Islamic State (IS) has intensified in recent months, with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-led Resolute Support Mission registering a nine per cent increase in the number of enemy-initiated attacks (EIAs) between March 1 and May 31, 2019, compared to the previous quarter. Resolute Support mission reported 6,445 EIAs during the March – May period. The report also revealed that the Afghan troops were shorthanded. For the fourth consecutive quarter, ANDSF strength is reported at the lowest level it has been since the Resolute Support Mission began in January 2015. ANDSF strength decreased by 41,777 personnel since approximately the same period in 2018 and by 50,277 compared to the same period in 2017. The attrition rate had also increased from the previous quarter. Afghan National Army (ANA) monthly attrition rates averaged approximately 2.6 per cent over the quarter, a slight increase from the 2.2 per cent recorded over the previous quarter. Afghan National Police (ANP) monthly attrition rates this quarter averaged approximately 2.4 per cent, a slight increase from the 2.2 per cent recorded over the previous quarter.
According to partial data compiled by the SATP, since 2007, 16,889 Security Forces (SFs) personnel have died and 85,995 militants have been killed in Afghanistan (data till August 4, 2019). Meanwhile, according to the last District-stability data assessment reported by SIGAR in its January 2019 Quarterly Report, out of 407 Districts in Afghanistan, 229 Districts were under Afghan Government control, which is about 56.3 per cent of the total of Afghan Districts. On the other hand, 59 Districts, approximately 14.5 percent of all, were under Taliban control. The remaining 119 Districts, about 29.2 per cent, remain contested – controlled by neither the Afghan Government nor the rebels. According to Long War Journal, the number of Districts controlled by the Talban has increased. At present, 140 Districts (35 per cent) were under the Afghan Government's control, 191 Districts (48 percent) are contested, and 66 Districts (17 percent) are under Taliban control.
Meanwhile, the 24th Report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team that was submitted to the UN Security Council Al-Qaeda Sanctions Committee on July 15, 2019, noted that Al-Qaeda ‘remains resilient’ and continues to cooperate closely with Pakistan-based terror outfits like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and the Haqqani Network. Al-Qaeda considers Afghanistan a continuing safe haven for its leadership, relying on its long-standing and strong relationship with the Taliban, the report noted. The Sanctions Monitoring Team submits independent reports every six months to the UN Security Council on the Islamic State, Al-Qaeda and associated individuals, groups, undertakings and entities.
Persistent insecurity has negatively impacted the Afghan presidential election campaign. So far, out of 18 candidates running for President in this year’s election to be held on September 28, 2019, only three candidates including incumbent President Ashraf Ghani, Chief Executive Abdullah Abdullah and Enayatullah Hafeez have started their campaigning at public gatherings. The campaign for the Afghan presidential election kicked off on July 28, 2019, and will conclude on September 25.
Expressing doubts over Afghan forces’ self-sustaining capacity,SIGAR, Inspector General John F. Sopko observed on July 29, 2019, “Afghan security forces cannot survive without external donor support, both financial and technical.” Earlier, the Civil Society Joint Working Group (CSJWG), a countrywide network of more than five hundred organisations, shared its finding at the 22nd Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board Meeting in Kabul on July 22, 2019, regarding Government’s accountability to the nation and international community. Speaking during a press conference, Nasir Temori, a member of the CSJWG told reporters that the international community has provided significant aid to Afghanistan, but the aid was not properly utilized. He described the lack of consultation with the Government and involvement of corrupt individuals as main factors that resulted in the waste of a major portion of the funds. Afghanistan ranks 172 out of 180 countries surveyed in the Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 prepared by the Transparency International.
Nevertheless, the US President Donald Trump has ordered Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to reduce the number of American troops in Afghanistan by the 2020 election. Referring to Trump’s directive, on July 29, 2019, Pompeo disclosed, “That’s my directive from the president of the United States. He’s been unambiguous: end the endless wars, drawdown, reduce.” Further, on July 31, 2019, President Trump reiterated, "We'll continue to pull out troops from Afghanistan. Well, we're going to see. We're working on negotiating a deal right now, as you probably have heard, and you know, at some point, we want to get out as quickly as we can." This comes as the US and Taliban representatives have held several rounds of talks in the Qatari capital of Doha, during which troop withdrawal has been a key issue.
The US-Taliban talks, which began in February 2019, were important for creating suitable conditions for an American exit from the country, with Washington hoping to have a peace deal in place before the Afghan presidential elections begin in September. The Afghan Government is also preparing for the intra-Afghan talks, as State Minister for Peace Affairs, Abdul Salam Rahimi, disclosed on July 27, 2019, that the much-awaited face-to-face talks between the Afghan Government and Taliban would start within the following two weeks and would be held in a European nation. Significantly, on July 31, 2019, the Government appointed a 15-member delegation for the talks with the Taliban group.
The Taliban has, however, rejected direct talks with the Afghan Government. Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid, in a July 28, 2019, statement, declared that the Kabul Administration would engage as a political side in intra-Afghan negotiations, not as a Government. He added further, that the intra-Afghan negotiations would happen after the announcement of a timetable for the withdrawal of US Forces from Afghanistan. To this, Afghan National Security Advisor Hamdullah Mohib, who visited the northern province of Baghlan on July 29, 2019, responded that the Taliban was still dreaming of the return of an Islamic emirate, and the hard-line group was, consequently, not prepared to engage in direct talks with the Afghan Government.
Warning against a hasty withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, US Army Chief of Staff General Mark Milley told a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing on July 11, 2019, “I think pulling out prematurely would be a strategic mistake.” As of June 2019, approximately 14,000 U.S. military personnel were serving as part of the US Operation Freedom’s Sentinel mission in Afghanistan. An additional 10,648 US citizens who serve as contractors are also in Afghanistan. Of the 14,000 US military personnel, 8,475 are assigned to the NATO Resolute Support Mission to train, advise and assist Afghan security forces.
With a potential US drawdown looming and Afghan security forces losing troops at the fastest rate in years, the overstretched Afghan Forces are under pressure to halt a further deterioration in the security situation. Even if a peace agreement were to be arrived at, the state’s security forces would have to perform a critical role in maintaining order. The Taliban is not a monolithic entity. There are, moreover, other armed groupings in the country, including the Islamic State, unruly warlords and gangs, as well as a range of other threats. If a functioning Police and a functioning military are to be maintained, Afghanistan cannot do without massive foreign support.
Madhya Pradesh: Simmering Threat Deepak Kumar Nayak Research Associate; Institute for Conflict Management
On July 10, 2019, two Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist) cadres, including a woman, were shot dead by a joint team of the Hawk Force, a special anti-Naxal [Left Wing Extremism, LWE] Force of the Madhya Pradesh (MP) Police, and the Balaghat District Police, in the Pujari Tola Forest under the Lanjhi Police Station limits in Balaghat District. K.P. Venkateshwar Rao, Inspector General of Police (IGP), Balaghat Range, disclosed that three other Maoists who were with the slain rebels escaped from the encounter spot under the cover of darkness.
The slain cadres were identified as Ashok aka Mangesh (21), a native of Rajnandgaon District of Chhattisgarh; and woman cadre Nande (19), a native of Bastar District of Chhattisgarh. The duo carried a reward of INR 1.4 million each. Both of them were members of the CPI-Maoist Tanda Dalam (armed squad) area committee, and were active close to the tri-junction of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and MP. One SLR [Self Loading Rifle] was recovered from Mangesh, while one rifle (.315 bore) and multiple live rounds were recovered from Nande’s possession. Police also recovered three ammunition magazines, 13 bullets, a wireless set, mobile charger, torch, calculator, backpacks and INR 10,721 in cash, among other things, from the encounter spot.
On June 19, 2019, a 40-year-old villager, identified as Brajlal Munda, was assaulted and stabbed before being shot dead by CPI-Maoist cadres in the Lanjhi area in Balaghat District. Police said he was dragged outside his house by members of the CPI-Maoist Malajkhand Dalam. They first assaulted him and then inflicted multiple stab injuries accusing him of being ‘police informer’. After being tortured for an hour, he was shot dead.
According to partial data collated by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), at least three fatalities (one civilian and two Maoists) have been recorded in two Maoist-linked incidents of killing in MP in the current year, so far (data till August 4, 2019). No such fatality was recorded during the corresponding period of 2018. However, in the remaining period of 2018, one Maoist fatality was recorded. One fatality (civilian) was recorded in 2017; two fatalities (both civilians) in 2016; one each in 2012 (Maoist) and in 2010 [Security Force (SF)]; and five fatalities (two civilians and three SFs), while there were no fatalities in 2015, 2014, 2013, 2011, and between 2009 and 2001. Since March 6, 2000, when SATP started compiling data on Maoist-linked incidents of killing, the first fatality was reported on April 20, 2000, when Naxalites laid an ambush on a Police party, killing two Policemen and injuring another, in Balaghat District. According to SATP, since March 6, 2000, Madhya Pradesh has thus recorded at least 14 fatalities (six civilians, four SF troopers and four Maoists) in 11 Maoist-linked incidents of killing thus far (data till August 4, 2019).
However, Naxal violence was prevalent in the State even earlier, especially in Balaghat, Mandla and Dindori Districts. Reports indicate that in Balaghat District alone 30 SF personnel were killed by the Naxalites between 1991 and 1998. During the same period 15 civilians were also killed.
On December 15, 1999, the then Madhya Pradesh Transport Minister Likhiram Kawre (43) was hacked to death by the erstwhile People’s War Group (PWG) in his house at Sonepuri village under the Kirnapur tehsil (revenue unit) in Balaghat District, to avenge the killing of three top PWG leaders in a Police encounter at Karimnagar in Andhra Pradesh on December 2, 1999. In another incidenton February 20, 2000, cadres of the erstwhile Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) blew up a Police vehicle killing 23 Police personnel, including an Additional Superintendent of Police (ASP), in Balaghat District.
Clearly, Madhya Pradesh is not a highly LWE-affected region. However, with the Maoists facing challenging times across the country, they find the State, especially, the Balaghat District, fitting into their scheme to create a ‘safe haven’. Balaghat accounts for all the 14 killings that have been reported from the State. Similarly, the District accounted for 53 Maoist-linked incidents out of a total of 67 reported from across the State. The remaining 14 incidents were reported from Dindori (six); two each from Mandla and Shahdol; and one each from Bhopal, Sehore, Seoni, and Singrauli.
The difficult terrain and dense forests of the District provide the rebels with some safety and a base to mount operations. The total area of the District is 9,245 square kilometres, with about 85 per cent under forest cover.
The Balaghat District is also strategically important for the Maoists. It is proximate to the dense forest-dominated route of the new ‘Maoist Vistaar (extension) corridor’ being planned by the CPI-Maoist, from the Kawardha District of Chhattisgarh to Amarkantak in the Anuppur District of MP. Two platoons – Vistaar Platoon-1 and Vistaar Platoon-2 – of the CPI-Maoist’s ‘Kawardha-Balaghat (KB) Division’ are working on the plans to establish the ‘corridor’ via Dindori, Balaghat and Mandla Districts in MP. Importantly, three Dalams – the Tanda, Darrekasa and Malajkhand dalams – had already been active in Balaghat District for around a decade under the ‘Rajnandgaon-Gondia-Balaghat (RGB) Division’ of CPI-Maoist.
A November 17, 2018, report revealed that the Maoists were planning to develop Jan Militia (people's militia) or underground fronts among local villagers and had chosen 100 villages along the shared borders of Chhattisgarh-Maharashtra-MP under their ‘Gondia-Rajnandgaon-Balaghat division’ for the purpose. The Maoists have largely consolidated their networks at the Chhattisgarh-Maharashtra-MP tri-junction, having organised multiple training camps for future expansion. Senior members of the Maoist area committee are reported to have instructed Small Action Teams to identify and kill Special Police Officers (SPOs), personnel of intelligence agencies and ‘police informers’. Maoist ‘commanders’ opposed to Government-sponsored development activities in the area have urged villagers to help Maoists obstructing road construction activities and to cause damage to vehicles, machines and Government properties in the area.
According to data provided in the Lok Sabha (Lower House of India’s Parliament) by G. Kishan Reddy, the Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs, on June 25, 2019, two Districts of MP – Balaghat and Mandla – are Naxal-affected, along with 58 other Districts from seven States across the country [Andhra Pradesh (two); Bihar (10); Chhattisgarh (12); Jharkhand (18); Maharashtra (two); Odisha (12); and Telangana (two)].
On July 3, 2019, V.K. Singh, Director General of Police (DGP), Madhya Pradesh, disclosed that Naxal movement had been reported in Balaghat, Mandla and Dindori Districts of the State. However, he added that the MP Police was closely monitoring Naxalite movements in the State in order to prevent them from creating a corridor to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Nepal.
On July 2, 2019, in a significant move to curb the Maoists, the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), directed Central Forces and State Police personnel deployed in LWE-hit areas to make a decisive push to contain the rebels in the limited geographical area to which they have retreated in the wake of their shrinking influence over the past five years. Moreover, UMHA decided to push for greater connectivity of Naxal-hit areas through construction of roads, which would not only offer the locals timely access to facilities such as hospitals and other public services, but also ensure secure movement of counter-Naxal forces. According to an assessment by security agencies, shared at the UMHA’s review meeting, the LWEs geographical area of dominance has shrunk, with their cadres retreating to a narrow area, mostly trijunctions along Chhattisgarh-Odisha-Maharashtra border and Chhattisgarh-Jharkhand-MP border.
The Maoists across the country are certainly under duress, but are far from defeat. They continue to plot the creation of new ‘safe areas’ as well as ‘corridors’ of movement. Governments of the affected States and the Centre need to sustain and intensify ongoing efforts to consolidate the tremendous successes of the past years, and to establish an enduring peace.
Weekly Fatalities: Major Conflicts in South Asia July 29-August 4, 2019
Civilians
Security Force Personnel
Terrorists/Insurgents
Total
INDIA
Jammu and Kashmir
INDIA (Left-Wing Extremism)
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Maharashtra
Telangana
INDIA (Total)
PAKISTAN
Balochistan
KP
PAKISTAN (Total)
United States is ready for "a good agreement" with the Taliban, says Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad: The United States (US) Special Representative for Afghanistan's Reconciliation, Zalmay Khalilzad, who has arrived in Doha for another round of talks with the Taliban, said on August 3 that the United States is ready for "a good agreement" with the Taliban. Khalilzad said in a tweet that the "Taliban are signaling they would like to conclude an agreement" but he reiterated that the US is pursuing a peace agreement, not a withdrawal agreement. A peace agreement that enables withdrawal, he added. Tolo News, August 3, 2019.
ANDSF is at the lowest level it has been since the Resolute Support mission began in January 2015, says SIGAR: For the fourth consecutive quarter, the size of Afghanistan's National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) is reported at the lowest level it has been since the Resolute Support mission began in January 2015, a US watchdog said in a report. The drop-in size of the ANDSF has occurred in the past few months due to changes in the way troops are counted and an effort to reduce the number of so-called "ghost" or nonexistent soldiers, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) said in a report to the US Congress on July 30. Tolo News, August 2, 2019.
Cost of Afghanistan war is USD 4 billion a month, claims Tulsi Gabbard: The United States (US) representative for Hawaii's second Congressional District Tulsi Gabbard on August 1 claimed during Democratic presidential debate that the cost of Afghanistan is USD 4 billion a month. She vowed complete withdrawal of all US troops from Afghanistan if elected president, accusing President Donald Trump of deceiving the American people in his pledge to quickly pull troops from Afghanistan. "We were all lied to. This is the betrayal. … The problem is that this current president continues to betray us," Gabbard said. The Khaama Press, August 2, 2019.
Received directive from President Donald Trump to reduce US troops in Afghanistan, says Secretary of State Mike Pompeo: The United States (US) Secretary of State Mike Pompeo on July 29 informed regarding the latest directive he has received from President Donald Trump to reduce number of US troops. "He's been unambiguous: end the endless wars, draw down, reduce. It won't just be us," Pompeo was quoted as saying. Pompeo further added "We hope that overall the need for combat forces in the region is reduced." The Khaama Press, July 31, 2019.
BANGLADESH
139 persons are fugitive in cases filed with ICT for crimes against humanity during Liberation War, says ICT: According to International Crimes tribunal (ICT), a total of 139 persons are fugitive in the cases filed with the ICT for crimes against humanity during the Liberation War. Off them 44 persons have been convicted (32 persons with death sentence, 12 persons with imprisonment till death), 84 persons are still under trial and arrest warrants were issued against 11 during the investigations. Dhaka Tribune, August 2, 2019.
Committed to achieve an honourable solution, states NSCN-IM: National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Isak Muivah (NSCN-IM) on August 2 stated that it would stand true to the end till the Nagas achieved an honourable solution. NSCN-IM stated that it would uphold the August 3, 2015 Framework Agreement and strive to conclude the ongoing Indo-Naga political negotiations honourably" Nagaland Post, August 4, 2019.
Rajya Sabha passes anti-terror UAPA Amendment Bill to declare individuals as terrorists: Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Indian Parliament) on August 2 passed the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) Amendment Bill after days of deadlock between the Government and opposition parties over the controversial legislation. Out of the total members who voted, 147 MPs (Member of Parliament) were in favour of passing the new changes to the anti-terror bill while 42 voted against it. India Today, August 3, 2019.
Khalistan separatists trying to make UK as its hub, says former Punjab DGP Shashi Kant: The former Director-General of Police (DGP), Punjab, Shashi Kant said that Pakistan-backed pro-Khalistani Sikhs are trying to set up their new bases in the United Kingdom (UK), especially in Birmingham city. Shashi Kant said, "Now, they are trying to get a good foothold in Birmingham where they have been organising rallies. Business Standard, August 1, 2019.
Al Qaeda remains 'resilient' and works closely with LeT, says UN report: A United Nations (UN) counter-terrorism watchdog set up by the Security Council said in a new report that the terror group, al Qaeda remains 'resilient' and continues to consider Afghanistan a safe sanctuary for its leaders and works closely with the Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT) and Haqqani Network (HN) despite being overtaken by the Islamic State (IS). Hindustan Times, July 31, 2019.
Terrorists in prisons radicalising others, say Intelligence agencies: Intelligence agencies fear that the terrorists in the jails across the country are converting the common prisoners into jihadis. The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (UMHA) decided that soon all the states will be asked to separate the terrorists from the inmates and create a separate jail for the terrorists who are being punished in different jails across the country. DNA, July 30, 2019.
Four international human rights groups ask Government to stall ongoing nomination process: Three months after the United Nations' special rapporteurs expressed serious concerns over the selection process of new leadership in the transitional justice commissions, four international human rights groups on July 29 asked the Nepal Government to stall the ongoing nomination process until the existing Transitional Justice Act is amended. The Kathmandu Post, July 31, 2019.
'I will become global hero if dragged to The Hague', says NCP Co-chairperson Pushpa Kamal Dahal: Nepal Communist Party (NCP) Co-chairperson Pushpa Kamal Dahal on July 29 said he would become a 'global hero' if he was dragged to the International Criminal Court in The Hague. He said "I'll emerge a global hero if I am dragged to The Hague because people from across the globe will know that I am in favour of peace and justice. That will be a matter of pride for me." The Himalayan Times, July 30, 2019.
PM Imran Khan asks KP Governor to make contact with Afghan leadership: Prime Minister (PM) Imran Khan on July 31 gave responsibility to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Governor Shah Farman to hold contacts with political leadership in Afghanistan. The PM emphasised that better relations at all levels were in the interest of the peoples of the two countries for achievement of common objectives. The Governor called on the PM's Office during which Shah Farman was entrusted with the responsibility. The News, August 2, 2019.
TTP warns against playing music and women going out alone in Miramshah town of North Waziristan: The Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) on July 31 warned people against playing loud music, polio vaccination and women going out without being accompanied by a man, saying people defying the warning will face consequences. The one-page message in Urdu seen by people in Miramshah, the headquarters of North Waziristan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, cautioned the people: "We remind you [residents] that similar statements issued by Taliban several times in the past had fallen on deaf ears, but this time we are going to take to task those who violate the Taliban order." The message further said: "There will be no use of DJs, neither inside the house nor in open fields and those ignoring the warning will be responsible for consequences". Dawn, July 25, 2019.
Pakistan playing role to facilitate Afghan peace process, Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi:Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi on July 29 told the National Assembly that regional peace is linked with peace in Afghanistan, adding that Pakistan is playing its role in facilitating the Afghan peace process. Shah Mehmood Qureshi said that Prime Minister Imran kept on saying that peace in Afghanistan was possible only through dialogue. He said the stance of US government towards Pakistan has changed during the 11 months of incumbent government. Daily Times, July 30, 2019.
Islamist Terrorists still operating in Sri Lanka, states Lieutenant General Mahesh Senanayake: Army Commander Lieutenant General Mahesh Senanayake on July 30 stated in front of Parliamentary Select Committee that there were some Islamic terrorists still operating at various places in the country and the threats they posed were far from over. Parliamentary Select Committee is probing the Easter Sunday Bombing. When asked if the Islamist threat was over, he stated that ''We cannot assure that it is over. We are not in a position to say that we can see this problem will be over within six months or six years.'' The Island, August 1, 2019.
The South Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR) is a weekly service that brings you regular data, assessments and news briefs on terrorism, insurgencies and sub-conventional warfare, on counter-terrorism responses and policies, as well as on related economic, political, and social issues, in the South Asian region.
SAIR is a project of the Institute for Conflict Management and the South Asia Terrorism Portal
To receive FREE advance copies of SAIR by email Subscribe. Recommend South Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR) To A Friend