Home
LATEST on SATP
Search
SEARCH ON SATP
SEARCH TERRORISM UPDATE
KEYWORD
Keyword is required.
START DATE
END DATE
KEYWORD
Keyword is required.
START DATE
END DATE
South Asia
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Afghanistan
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheet
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Capital Region
Kabul
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
East Afghanistan
Kapisa
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kunar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Laghman
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nangarhar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nuristan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Panjsher
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Parwan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
North Afghanistan
Badakhshan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Baghlan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Balkh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Faryab
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jowzjan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kunduz
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Samangan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sar-e-Pul
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Takhar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
South Afghanistan
Daykundi
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kandahar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uruzgan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Zabul
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Southwest Afghanistan
Helmand
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nimroz
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Southeast Afghanistan
Bamyan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Ghazni
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Khost
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Logar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Paktika
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Paktiya
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Wardak
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
West Afghanistan
Badghis
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Farah
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Ghor
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Herat
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bangladesh
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Islamist Terrorism
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Left-wing Extremism
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bhutan
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Central
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Eastern
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Southern
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Western
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
India
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jammu & Kashmir
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maoist Insurgency
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Andhra Pradesh
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bihar
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Chhattisgarh
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Goa
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Gujarat
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Haryana
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jharkhand
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Karnataka
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kerala
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Madhya Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maharashtra
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Odisha
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Rajasthan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Tamil Nadu
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Telangana
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttar Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttarakhand
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
West Bengal
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Insurgency North East
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Arunachal Pradesh
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Assam
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Manipur
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Meghalaya
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Mizoram
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nagaland
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Tripura
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Punjab
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
ISLAMIST/OTHER CONFLICTS
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Andhra Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bihar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Chandigarh (UT)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Chhattisgarh
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Delhi
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Goa
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Gujarat
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Haryana
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Himachal Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jharkhand
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Karnataka
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kerala
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Madhya Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maharashtra
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Odisha
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Pondicherry
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Rajasthan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sikkim
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Tamil Nadu
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Telangana
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttar Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttarakhand
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
West Bengal
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maldives
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Proviencs
Dhekunu (South)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Mathi Dhekunu (Upper South)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Mathi Uthuru (Upper North)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Medhu (Central)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Medhu Dhekunu (South Central)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Medhu Uthuru (North Central)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uthuru (North)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nepal
Assessments
Bibliography
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Provinces
Province No. 1
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 2
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 3
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 4
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 5
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 6
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 7
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Pakistan
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Balochistan
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
FATA
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Islamabad Capital Territory
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Pakistan Occupied kashmir
Azad Kashmir
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Gilgit-Baltistan
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Punjab
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sindh
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sri Lanka
Assessments
Bibliography
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Provinces
Central Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Eastern Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
North Central Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
North Western Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Northern Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sabaragamua Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Southern Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uva Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Western Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Arunachal Pradesh
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Assam
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jammu & Kashmir
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Manipur
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Meghalaya
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Mizoram
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nagaland
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Punjab
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Tripura
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maoist Insurgency
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Andhra Pradesh
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bihar
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Chhattisgarh
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Goa
Timelines
Gujarat
Timelines
Haryana
Timelines
Jharkhand
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Karnataka
Timelines
Kerala
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Madhya Pradesh
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maharashtra
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Odisha
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Rajasthan
Timelines
Tamil Nadu
Timelines
Telangana
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttar Pradesh
Timelines
Uttarakhand
Timelines
West Bengal
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
ASSESSMENTS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
BACKGROUNDER
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
CONFLICT MAPS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
DATA SHEETS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
DOCUMENTS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
TERRORIST GROUPS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
TIMELINES
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
BOOKS
The Knights of Falsehood
The Global Threat of Terror
Book Store
TERRORISM UPDATE
VIDEOS
FREEDOM FROM FEAR
WAR WITHIN BORDERS
SECOND SIGHT
ICM IN MEDIA
EXTERNAL RESOURCES
RISK ALERT
ISLAMIST EXTREMISM & TERRORISM IN SOUTH ASIA
SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS/PROJECTS/REPORTS
Nepal
Incidents of Inter-Factional Clashes:2011
Read more...
Date
Incidents
January - 5 
The cadres of the Madheshi Janadhikar Forum (MJF) Nepal assaulted a team of Rastriya Jana Morcha (RJM) activists led by senior leader Rashmiraj Nepali in Birgunj area of Parsa District on January 6, reports Himalayan Times. Issuing a press statement in Kathmandu, RJM Chairman Chitra Bahadur K. C.
Read more...
The cadres of the Madheshi Janadhikar Forum (MJF) Nepal assaulted a team of Rastriya Jana Morcha (RJM) activists led by senior leader Rashmiraj Nepali in Birgunj area of Parsa District on January 6, reports Himalayan Times. Issuing a press statement in Kathmandu, RJM Chairman Chitra Bahadur K. C. condemned the ‘violent and undemocratic act’ against its cadres by the MJF cadres. The RJM has been conducting a nationwide campaign “for peace, nationalism and republicanism” and against federalism.
Read less...
March - 28 
At least three members of the rival factions of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) labour union, All Nepal Trade Union Federation (ANTUF), were injured in a violent confrontation in Bhaktapur on March 28, according to Nepal News. Supporters of the rival factions - one led by ANTUF
Read more...
At least three members of the rival factions of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) labour union, All Nepal Trade Union Federation (ANTUF), were injured in a violent confrontation in Bhaktapur on March 28, according to Nepal News. Supporters of the rival factions - one led by ANTUF chairman Salikram Jammarkattel and the other group led by Badri Bajgain - clashed during a meeting. ANTUF chairman Jammarkattel is backed by UCPN-M chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal aka Prachanda while Bajgain faction is loyal to vice chairman Mohan Baidya.
Read less...
May - 6 
Unidentified gunmen shot dead a Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) cadre in Rampurbirta area of Siraha District in the night of May 6, reports Nepal News. Two motorcycle-borne assailants shot dead Bindeshwar Mahato at Manaharwa Chok near his house. Mahato was a Siraha District committe
Read more...
Unidentified gunmen shot dead a Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) cadre in Rampurbirta area of Siraha District in the night of May 6, reports Nepal News. Two motorcycle-borne assailants shot dead Bindeshwar Mahato at Manaharwa Chok near his house. Mahato was a Siraha District committee member of the UCPN-M. The UCPN-M Siraha District In-Charge Harinarayan Chaudhary said that Mahato was shot due to inter-party feud in the village.
Read less...
May - 17 
A group of 60 Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) cadres from the Chulachuli-based People's Liberation Army (PLA) first division camp of Ilam attacked local people of Kamal Jhoda, injuring at least 12 people, in the night of May 16, reports Kantipuronline. According to the account of th
Read more...
A group of 60 Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) cadres from the Chulachuli-based People's Liberation Army (PLA) first division camp of Ilam attacked local people of Kamal Jhoda, injuring at least 12 people, in the night of May 16, reports Kantipuronline. According to the account of the local people, the Maoists had entered the village at around 11pm and launched the attack in seven houses. The Maoists also ‘captured’ five local youths -- Chabbi Subba, Gyanu Limbu, Birhang Limbu, Dipendra Tumbahamphe and Bishal Sunuwar -- and took them to the camp. They were freed 16 hours after they were captured in the afternoon of May 17. Two others, who had gone missing after the incident, came in contact in the morning. The PLA first division owned up the attack but refuted the local people's claim of abducting the five youths. “They were not kidnapped. They were brought to the camp for treatment, as they were injured in the incident,” said Sangram Thapa, ‘secretary’ of the PLA first division camp. Police also said five youths had sustained minor injuries. It is learned that the attack was instigated as an act of revenge, as six PLA combatants were injured in a clash with the local people of Kali Jhoda recently. Meanwhile, the Nepali Congress (NC) claimed that the people attacked and ‘captured’ by the PLA combatants were the cadres of the party.
Read less...
May - 24 
Eight persons were injured when a clash broke out during the management committee meeting of the Khochadas Lower Secondary School in Ranganj Sinuwari in Sunsari District on May 24, reports Kantipuronline. The clash erupted between supporters of the Madheshi Janadhikar Forum-Loktantrik (MJF-L) and th
Read more...
Eight persons were injured when a clash broke out during the management committee meeting of the Khochadas Lower Secondary School in Ranganj Sinuwari in Sunsari District on May 24, reports Kantipuronline. The clash erupted between supporters of the Madheshi Janadhikar Forum-Loktantrik (MJF-L) and the Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) after they had disagreement on the appointment of two new teachers under the women and general teacher relief quotas.
Read less...
September - 2 
At least one cadre of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) was seriously injured as cadres close to outfit Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal aka Prachanda and Vice Chairman Mohan Baidya clashed in Panchkhal of Kavre District on September 2, reports Kantipuronline. At least 11 other cadres
Read more...
At least one cadre of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) was seriously injured as cadres close to outfit Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal aka Prachanda and Vice Chairman Mohan Baidya clashed in Panchkhal of Kavre District on September 2, reports Kantipuronline. At least 11 other cadres are said to have been injured in the incident. It is understood that the cadres clashed over the issue of handing over the keys to the arms containers to the Army Integration Special Committee (AISC). The hardliner faction led by Baidya has been protesting against the party’s latest move dubbing it as “suicidal.”
Read less...
October - 30 
Four persons were injured after cadres of Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) and Rastriya Jana Morcha (RJM) clashed at Hile in Argha Village Development Committee-8 (VDC-8) on October 30, reports inseconline.org. While three of the injured belonged to RJM, one belonged to UCPN-M. Accor
Read more...
Four persons were injured after cadres of Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) and Rastriya Jana Morcha (RJM) clashed at Hile in Argha Village Development Committee-8 (VDC-8) on October 30, reports inseconline.org. While three of the injured belonged to RJM, one belonged to UCPN-M. According to RJM District chairperson Jhabi Thapa, UCPN-M cadres led by Bal Krishna Paudel attacked and injured RJM cadres. However, UCPN-M District secretary Thakur Kumar BK said that RJM cadres attacked UCPN-M cadres with intention to disrupt their deusi bhailo program as a 'minor dispute' between the two sides could not reach a compromise despite their effort.
Read less...
November - 1 
A cadre of Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), Pemba Lama (48) of Bhotang Village Development Committee-1 (VDC-1), was injured when two local cadres of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) - Raju Tamang and Mangale Tamang - attacked Lama with Khukuris on the charge of having different
Read more...
A cadre of Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), Pemba Lama (48) of Bhotang Village Development Committee-1 (VDC-1), was injured when two local cadres of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) - Raju Tamang and Mangale Tamang - attacked Lama with Khukuris on the charge of having different political belief on November 1, reports inseconline.org. Stating that there were several instances of clashes and attacks between cadres of UCPN-M and RPP in the incident site, Ninma Gyalbo Tamang, a local said that such incidents have been occurring time and again as action is not taken against the perpetrators of the past incidents.
Read less...
December - 5 
A clash occurred between the United Communist Party of Nepal-M (UCPN-M) and Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML) cadres at Ghatbazar in Khalanga on December 5, reports inseconline.org. The clash ensued when both groups were campaigning for the general assembly of Darchula chap
Read more...
A clash occurred between the United Communist Party of Nepal-M (UCPN-M) and Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML) cadres at Ghatbazar in Khalanga on December 5, reports inseconline.org. The clash ensued when both groups were campaigning for the general assembly of Darchula chapter of Federation of Nepali Chambers and Commerce Industries (FNCCI) which would elect its new leadership.
Read less...
ADVANCED SEARCH
Incident Year Wise
Incidents- 2019
Incidents- 2018
Incidents- 2016
Incidents- 2014
Incidents- 2013
Incidents- 2011
Incidents- 2010
Incidents- 2009
Incidents- 2008
Incidents- 2007
Incidents- 2006
Incidents- 2005
Incidents- 2004
Incidents- 2003
Incidents- 2002
Country :
--All--
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Zone :
--All--
State :
--All--
District :
--All--
Date From :
The Valid date is required
Date To:
The Valid date is required