Home
LATEST on SATP
Search
SEARCH ON SATP
SEARCH TERRORISM UPDATE
KEYWORD
Keyword is required.
START DATE
END DATE
KEYWORD
Keyword is required.
START DATE
END DATE
South Asia
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Afghanistan
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheet
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Capital Region
Kabul
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
East Afghanistan
Kapisa
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kunar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Laghman
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nangarhar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nuristan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Panjsher
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Parwan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
North Afghanistan
Badakhshan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Baghlan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Balkh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Faryab
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jowzjan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kunduz
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Samangan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sar-e-Pul
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Takhar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
South Afghanistan
Daykundi
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kandahar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uruzgan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Zabul
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Southwest Afghanistan
Helmand
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nimroz
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Southeast Afghanistan
Bamyan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Ghazni
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Khost
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Logar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Paktika
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Paktiya
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Wardak
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
West Afghanistan
Badghis
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Farah
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Ghor
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Herat
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bangladesh
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Islamist Terrorism
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Left-wing Extremism
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bhutan
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Central
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Eastern
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Southern
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Western
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
India
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jammu & Kashmir
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maoist Insurgency
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Andhra Pradesh
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bihar
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Chhattisgarh
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Goa
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Gujarat
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Haryana
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jharkhand
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Karnataka
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kerala
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Madhya Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maharashtra
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Odisha
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Rajasthan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Tamil Nadu
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Telangana
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttar Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttarakhand
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
West Bengal
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Insurgency North East
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Arunachal Pradesh
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Assam
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Manipur
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Meghalaya
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Mizoram
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nagaland
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Tripura
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Punjab
Assessments
Backgrounder
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
ISLAMIST/OTHER CONFLICTS
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Andhra Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bihar
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Chandigarh (UT)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Chhattisgarh
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Delhi
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Goa
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Gujarat
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Haryana
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Himachal Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jharkhand
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Karnataka
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Kerala
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Madhya Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maharashtra
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Odisha
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Pondicherry
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Rajasthan
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sikkim
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Tamil Nadu
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Telangana
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttar Pradesh
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttarakhand
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
West Bengal
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maldives
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Proviencs
Dhekunu (South)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Mathi Dhekunu (Upper South)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Mathi Uthuru (Upper North)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Medhu (Central)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Medhu Dhekunu (South Central)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Medhu Uthuru (North Central)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uthuru (North)
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nepal
Assessments
Bibliography
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Provinces
Province No. 1
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 2
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 3
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 4
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 5
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 6
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Province No. 7
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Pakistan
Assessments
Backgrounder
Bibliography
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Balochistan
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
FATA
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Islamabad Capital Territory
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Pakistan Occupied kashmir
Azad Kashmir
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Gilgit-Baltistan
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Punjab
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sindh
Assessments
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sri Lanka
Assessments
Bibliography
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Provinces
Central Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Eastern Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
North Central Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
North Western Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Northern Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Sabaragamua Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Southern Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uva Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Western Province
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Arunachal Pradesh
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Assam
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Jammu & Kashmir
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Manipur
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Meghalaya
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Mizoram
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Nagaland
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Punjab
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Tripura
Assessments
Backgrounder
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maoist Insurgency
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Documents
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Andhra Pradesh
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Bihar
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Chhattisgarh
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Goa
Timelines
Gujarat
Timelines
Haryana
Timelines
Jharkhand
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Karnataka
Timelines
Kerala
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Madhya Pradesh
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Maharashtra
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Odisha
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Rajasthan
Timelines
Tamil Nadu
Timelines
Telangana
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
Uttar Pradesh
Timelines
Uttarakhand
Timelines
West Bengal
Assessments
Conflict Maps
Data Sheets
Terrorist Groups
Timelines
ASSESSMENTS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
BACKGROUNDER
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
CONFLICT MAPS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
DATA SHEETS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
DOCUMENTS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
TERRORIST GROUPS
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
TIMELINES
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
BOOKS
The Knights of Falsehood
The Global Threat of Terror
Book Store
TERRORISM UPDATE
VIDEOS
FREEDOM FROM FEAR
WAR WITHIN BORDERS
SECOND SIGHT
ICM IN MEDIA
EXTERNAL RESOURCES
RISK ALERT
ISLAMIST EXTREMISM & TERRORISM IN SOUTH ASIA
SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS/PROJECTS/REPORTS
Sonitpur (Assam)
Incidents of Exchange of Fire between SFs and Militants:2009
Read more...
Date
Incidents
April - 5 
A joint team of the Army and Police shot dead a self-styled ‘sergeant’ of the Ranjan Daimary faction of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), identified as Phushow Brahma (25), in an encounter at Number 1 Barkhapur under Rangapara Police Station in Sonitpur District in the morning of Apr
Read more...
A joint team of the Army and Police shot dead a self-styled ‘sergeant’ of the Ranjan Daimary faction of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), identified as Phushow Brahma (25), in an encounter at Number 1 Barkhapur under Rangapara Police Station in Sonitpur District in the morning of April 5, according to Telegraph. While Brahma died on the spot, one of his companions managed to escape. Five kilogram of improvised explosive device and an automatic pistol were recovered from the encounter site.
Read less...
April - 20 
The Army killed five militants, including an accused in the Dhekiajuli blast of April 15, during an encounter on April 20 at Aka Basti in the Sonitpur District. Out of the five militants, Prabhat Basumatary, Krishna Basumatary and Deithang Basumatary belonged to the National Democratic Front of Bodo
Read more...
The Army killed five militants, including an accused in the Dhekiajuli blast of April 15, during an encounter on April 20 at Aka Basti in the Sonitpur District. Out of the five militants, Prabhat Basumatary, Krishna Basumatary and Deithang Basumatary belonged to the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) while Babul Ali and Yunis Ali were of the Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA). Defence spokesman Colonel Rajesh Kalia said the militants were planning to abduct a businessman, Paras Gurung, of Lokhra area in the same district. The army said Prabhat Basumatary was a known operative of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and a key perpetrator in the bomb blast at Dhekiajuli. The army recovered five 9-mm pistols, a Chinese hand grenade, five kilograms of explosives, 10 detonators and 107 rounds of AK-47 ammunition from the encounter site. Another army official said, "We had information about the Ranjan Daimary faction of the NDFB working hand-in-hand with Muslim fundamentalist groups."
Read less...
May - 11 
An exchange of fire between Police and NDFB militants occurred near Monibag area in Sonitpur District on May 11, reports Assam Tribune.
Read more...
An exchange of fire between Police and NDFB militants occurred near Monibag area in Sonitpur District on May 11, reports Assam Tribune.
Read less...
June - 4 
Four National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) militants were shot dead by the Security Force personnel during encounters in the Sonitpur and Udalguri Districts on June 4, according to The Hindu. While two militants were killed by the Army at Khanamukh in Sointpur District, two others were killed
Read more...
Four National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) militants were shot dead by the Security Force personnel during encounters in the Sonitpur and Udalguri Districts on June 4, according to The Hindu. While two militants were killed by the Army at Khanamukh in Sointpur District, two others were killed and arms recovered during another encounter at Jingebil in Udalguri District.
Read less...
June - 11 
Another NDFB militant was killed and one more was injured during an encounter with the Army and Police at Naharbari village in Sonitpur District. An AK-56 rifle, a Chinese grenade, 72 bullets and several documents, including NDFB letterheads and receipts, were recovered from the possession of the sl
Read more...
Another NDFB militant was killed and one more was injured during an encounter with the Army and Police at Naharbari village in Sonitpur District. An AK-56 rifle, a Chinese grenade, 72 bullets and several documents, including NDFB letterheads and receipts, were recovered from the possession of the slain militant.
Read less...
July - 13 
SF personnel shot dead a National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) militant, suspected to have been involved in the killing of a Colonel in Sonitpur District on July 13, at Lalmati on the outskirts of Guwahati city, on a hill close to the Assam-Meghalaya border in the same afternoon. “When the Se
Read more...
SF personnel shot dead a National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) militant, suspected to have been involved in the killing of a Colonel in Sonitpur District on July 13, at Lalmati on the outskirts of Guwahati city, on a hill close to the Assam-Meghalaya border in the same afternoon. “When the Security personnel spotted a group of militants, comprising three to four members, and asked them to stop, they opened fire on the Security Forces and tried to escape. One of them was killed in the retaliatory fire while his accomplices fled the spot,” Additional Superintendent of Police Debajit Deori said. The militants also lobbed a grenade at the troops but it did not explode. A pistol was recovered from the possession of the slain militant, he added. Military Intelligence sources identified the slain militant as Gathon Narzary, a ‘sergeant major’ of the anti-talks faction of the NDFB, which is controlled by Ranjan Daimary. Narzary is suspected to be involved in the July 13 blast at Chariduar reserve forest in Sonitpur district in which an Army Colonel and his driver were killed.
Read less...
August - 16 
Two Army personnel and a National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) militant were killed in an encounter at Garugaon on the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border area under Dhekiajuli Police Station of Sonitpur District at about 4.45am (IST) on August 16, according to Assam Tribune. Official sources said
Read more...
Two Army personnel and a National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) militant were killed in an encounter at Garugaon on the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border area under Dhekiajuli Police Station of Sonitpur District at about 4.45am (IST) on August 16, according to Assam Tribune. Official sources said the Army personnel were conducting a search operation in the Garugaon area after getting intelligence inputs about the movement of militants. During the search operation, the Army came across a four-member group of the Ranjan Daimary faction of the NDFB and were engaged in an encounter with militants lasting for about an hour. Subsequently, dead bodies of two Army personnel and a NDFB militant were recovered. The slain NDFB militant was identified as B. Thungree. Meanwhile, three other militants managed to escape from the spot taking the advantage of darkness.
Read less...
August - 17 
The Army on August 17 denied that two of its troopers had died during the encounter at Jalang in Sonitpur District on August 16, reports Assam Tribune. In a press release, the Public Relation Officer (Defence) at Tezpur said that one cadre belonging to the Ranjan Daimary faction of the NDFB was kill
Read more...
The Army on August 17 denied that two of its troopers had died during the encounter at Jalang in Sonitpur District on August 16, reports Assam Tribune. In a press release, the Public Relation Officer (Defence) at Tezpur said that one cadre belonging to the Ranjan Daimary faction of the NDFB was killed in the operation. The Army recovered one 7.65 mm pistol and two rounds of live ammunition, the press release added.
Read less...
December - 19 
According to Telegraph, Security Forces (SFs) shot dead two National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) militants during an encounter in Sonitpur District along the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border in the night of December 19. Two foreign-made pistols, a grenade, detonators and a walkie-talkie set we
Read more...
According to Telegraph, Security Forces (SFs) shot dead two National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) militants during an encounter in Sonitpur District along the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border in the night of December 19. Two foreign-made pistols, a grenade, detonators and a walkie-talkie set were recovered from their possession. Police claimed that the two militants were involved in the November 10 grenade blast at Missamari market near an Army cantonment, in which a child was killed while several others were injured.
Read less...
December - 22 
Police exchanged fire with the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) cadres who came to the house of a trader at Borgang in Sonitpur District on December 22, to demand money, reports Telegraph.
Read more...
Police exchanged fire with the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) cadres who came to the house of a trader at Borgang in Sonitpur District on December 22, to demand money, reports Telegraph.
Read less...
December - 29 
A cadre belonging to anti-talk faction of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), Kamal Daimary, was shot dead by a joint force of the Police and Army during an encounter in the foests of Paharpur Minoshree under Rangapara Police Station in Sonitpur District along the Assam-Arunachal Prade
Read more...
A cadre belonging to anti-talk faction of the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), Kamal Daimary, was shot dead by a joint force of the Police and Army during an encounter in the foests of Paharpur Minoshree under Rangapara Police Station in Sonitpur District along the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border on December 29, according to Shillong Times. Subsequent to the encounter, NDFB militants lobbed a grenade on a Police convoy, in which the Superintendent of Police of Sonitpur District Jitmol Doley was traveling at Moainajuli area. The grenade, however, failed to explode.
Read less...
ADVANCED SEARCH
Incident Year Wise
Incidents- 2022
Incidents- 2017
Incidents- 2015
Incidents- 2014
Incidents- 2011
Incidents- 2010
Incidents- 2009
Incidents- 2007
Incidents- 2003
Incidents- 2002
Incidents- 2001
Incidents- 2000
Country :
--All--
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Zone :
--All--
State :
--All--
District :
--All--
Date From :
The Valid date is required
Date To:
The Valid date is required