| |
SOUTH ASIA INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
Weekly Assessments & Briefings
Volume 14, No. 39, March 28, 2016
Data and
assessments from SAIR can be freely published in any form
with credit to the South Asia Intelligence Review of the
South Asia Terrorism Portal
|
No
Place for Other Faiths
Ajit
Kumar Singh
Research
Fellow, Institute for Conflict Management
On early
reports, at least 72 people have been killed and more
than 300 injured in a suicide blast inside the Gulshan-e-Iqbal
Park in the Iqbal Town area of Lahore, the provincial
capital of Punjab Province, on March 27, 2016. Lahore's
District Coordination Officer Muhammad Usman stated, "The
bomber managed to enter the park and blew himself up near
the kids' playing area where kids were on the swings”.
Significantly, a large number of people, mostly Christians
were present in the park, celebrating Easter [Christendom's
holiest day].
The Jama’at-ul-Ahrar
(JuA), a breakaway faction of the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan
(TTP)
claimed responsibility for the suicide attack. JuA ‘spokesperson’
Ehsanullah Ehsan declared, “We had been waiting for this
occasion. We claim responsibility for the attack on Christians
as they were celebrating Easter. It was part of
the annual martyrdom attacks we have started this year.”
The operation was codenamed Saut-ul-Raad [Voice of Thunder].
JuA had declared its ‘support’ for Daesh (Islamic State,
previously Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham, ISIS) in
March 2015.
The bomber
involved in the March 27, 2016, attack has been identified
as Yousuf, son of Ghulam Farid, a resident of Muzzafargarh
District in Punjab. According to preliminary investigations,
the bomber had been teaching at a seminary for eight years
in Lahore after completing his religious education in
Dera Ghazi Khan District. SAIR has noted on numerous
occasions in the past that most of the seminaries across
Pakistan are breeding grounds for terrorism and Islamist
extremism.
Even on
the presently known fatalities, the Easter Sunday attack
is the second worst ever targeting Christians inside Pakistan.
In the deadliest
attack on Christian minorities in
Pakistan, at least 79 worshippers, including 34 women
and seven children, were killed and another 130 were injured
when two suicide bombers attacked a Christian congregation
at the historic All Saints Church in the Kohati Gate area
of Peshawar, the provincial capital of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(KP) Province, on September 22, 2013. According to varying
media reports, some 600 to 700 people were inside the
church at the time of the attack.
There have
been at least another four such attacks, resulting in
19 deaths, in the intervening period. The last terrorist
attack targeting Christians was on March 15, 2015. At
least 15 persons, including 13 Christians and two Policemen,
were killed and more than 70 were injured, when two suicide
bombers attacked two churches near the Youhanabad neighbourhood
in Lahore, sparking mob violence in which two terrorists
were killed. Youhanabad is home to more than 100,000 Christians.
JuA had claimed responsibility for the attack as well.
According
to partial data compiled by the South Asia Terrorism
Portal (SATP), at least 20 terrorist attacks targeting
Christians, resulting in at least 128 fatalities, have
taken place across Pakistan since 2001, prior to the Easter
Sunday Attack. Some of the major incidents (each resulting
in three or more fatalities) among these included:
March 10,
2010: Six persons, including two women, were killed and
seven persons were injured when over a dozen terrorists
armed with Kalashnikov rifles, pistols and hand-grenades
attacked the office of World Vision International, a US-based
Christian aid agency, in the Oghi village of Mansehra
District in KP.
September
25, 2002: Seven persons were killed and another three
were injured in a terrorist attack on a Christian welfare
organisation's office, Idara Amn-o-Insaaf (Institute for
Peace and Justice), in Karachi District, the Provincial
capital of Sindh Province. Lashkar-e-Islami Mohammadi
(LIM), a little-known terrorist group, was blamed for
the attack.
August
5, 2002: Six persons were killed and another four were
injured in a terrorist attack on a Christian missionary
school in the Jhika Gali Town of Murree tehsil (revenue
unit) in Rawalpindi District of Punjab Province.
March 17,
2002: Five persons were killed and more than 40 were injured,
including the High Commissioner of Sri Lanka to Pakistan,
in a grenade attack during the Sunday morning service
at the Protestant International Church located between
the American and Russian Embassies in the heavily protected
area of the Diplomatic Enclave in Islamabad. Amongst those
killed were Barbara Green, wife of an American diplomat
and her daughter; two Pakistanis and an Afghan. The injured
belonged to different countries including USA, Britain,
Australia, Canada, Switzerland, Afghanistan, Iran, Ethiopia,
Iraq and Sri Lanka.
October
28, 2001: 17 Christians – including five children – and
a Policeman, were killed and nine persons were injured,
when six gunmen opened fire on a church in the Model Town
area of Bahawalpur District in Punjab Province.
The Christians
constitute a meagre 1.6 percent of Pakistan’s population
of 193 million. While they have been victims of terrorist
atrocities, they have also been intermittently attacked
in mass and targeted violence by Islamist extremists.
Christians have, moreover, been systematically targeted
by Pakistan’s perverse blasphemy laws, which prescribe
a mandatory death sentence for any purported act bringing
against Islam and its Prophet to disrepute. On May 24,
2015, Police arrested one Humayun Faisal Masih, a mentally
ill person, who was burning newspapers in Sanda, a Christian
locality, in Lahore. Muslim onlookers accused him of blasphemy,
alleging that some of the pages contained verses of the
holy Quran. A number of people gathered outside
the Ravi Road Police Station and demanded that the accused
be handed over to them. Simultaneously, a mob rampaged
through the Christian neighbourhood. An unnamed local
Christian stated, “some angry Muslims, some armed with
guns, ransacked churches and attacked Christian residences
and houses pelting stones… (there was) a horrific and
gruesome scene of violence against the innocent women,
children, and elderly.” According to reports, local Christians
were warned of impending violence by Police, and many
had fled the area before the attack began.
Underlining
the complicity of the state in such incidents, the Supreme
Court had observed, on March 13, 2013, that the Punjab
Police had failed to protect the lives and properties
of the inhabitants of Joseph Colony in Lahore. Notably,
on March 9, 2013, hundreds of protesters turned arsonists
and attacked some 160 houses and 80 shops belonging to
Christians in Joseph Colony, a predominantly Christian
locality in the Badami Bagh area of Lahore, just a day
after allegations of blasphemy were levelled against a
man in the region.
Christians
have been the principal targets for alleged acts of blasphemy.
Significantly, then Federal Minister for Minorities’ Affairs,
Shahbaz Bhatti, a Christian, was killed on March 2, 2011,
by terrorists of Fidayeen-e-Muhammad, a TTP faction,
and al Qaeda Punjab Chapter, for his opposition to the
country’s blasphemy laws. The Christians are also attacked
for opposing often forcible conversions to Islam. Asia
Bibi, 46, who has been sentenced to death and has been
in prison for the last four years following a conviction
for blasphemy, in her memoir Blasphemy, describes how
she had been asked to convert to Islam to ‘redeem herself’.
Terrorists
and Islamist extremists have issued threats against the
Christian community on several occasions. On May 18, 2011,
for instance, in the wake of Osama bin Laden’s killing,
the TTP vowed to fight with “new zeal” against “Our enemies...
NATO, Jews and Christians.” In another such threat, in
June 2008, an extremist group, Jesh Ahle-i-Alqiblat al-Jihadi
al-Sari al-Alami [Army for the Direction of the Movement
of Global Jihad], distributed pamphlets demanding that
Christian Pakistanis convert to Islam or face death. The
group declared, “every Muslim had a duty to take such
action against Christians”. It also called on Muslims
to attack and kill Christian foreigners.
Seeds of
religious intolerance have been systematically sown in
Pakistan since its inception in 1947 – and, indeed, even
earlier, during the struggle for independence. There was
a further and escalating radicalization during and after
the regime of military dictator General Zia-ul-Haq. Since
then, Pakistan has witnessed rising attacks against all
minorities, including the Christians. According to the
Annual Report, 2015, of the United States Commission on
International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), between July
2013 and June 2014, 122 incidents of sectarian violence
occurred in Pakistan, resulting in more than 1,200 casualties,
including 430 fatalities. The report, thus observed, “Pakistan
represents one of the worst situations in the world for
religious freedom for countries not currently designated
by the U.S. government as ‘countries of particular concern’…
Pakistan continued to experience chronic sectarian violence
targeting Shi’a Muslims, Christians, Ahmadi Muslims, and
Hindus.”
Similarly,
the Jinnah Institute of Pakistan in a report titled
State of Religious Freedom in Pakistan 2015, stated
that, during the period 2012-2015, at least 543 incidents
of violence were carried out against religious minorities
in Pakistan. Shias were targeted on at least 288 occasions
during this period, followed by Hindus (91 occasions),
Christians (88 occasions), and Ahamadiyas (76 occasions).
In another
development that reiterates the fact that religious extremists
have enormous support, national capital Islamabad was
turned into a fortress as supporters of Mumtaz Qadri put
the city under siege. Qadri was the bodyguard and killer
of Salman
Taseer, then Governor of Punjab and
an advocate of the amendment of Pakistan’s blasphemy laws.
In a message on Twitter on March 27, 2016, Director
General Inter-Services Public Relations Asim Bajwa disclosed
that the Army had been requisitioned by the Government
to control situation and secure the ‘Red Zone’, the area
which includes the Parliament House, Pakistan Secretariat,
Supreme Court, Prime Minister’s House, President’s House,
and Diplomatic Enclaves in Islamabad. Qadri was hanged
on February 29, 2016. The hanging was followed by protests
in most major towns of the country.
The seeds
of religious extremism sown over the decades have brought
Pakistan to the verge of virtual anarchy. State-backed
extremism has made life impossible for minorities and,
indeed, for Muslim sects deemed ‘deviant’ by the Sunni
majority. Indeed, sectarian violence between Sunni factions
is also a growing reality as takfiri ideologies
(which arrogate to themselves the right to declare others
‘apostate’) take firm root across the country. State agencies
continue to harness Islamist extremism and terrorism to
extend their strategic agenda into the country’s neighbourhood
– particularly in Afghanistan and India – creating wide
spaces for armed extremism that have produced a bloody
blowback in Pakistan as well. There is little evidence,
however, of any radical review of this ‘strategy’ at present.
|
Re-drafting
for Resolution
S.
Binodkumar Singh
Research Associate, Institute for Conflict Management
On March
9, 2016, the Sri Lankan Parliament unanimously, without
a vote, approved the change of the present Parliament
into a Constitutional Assembly (CA) to draft a new Constitution
for the island nation, declaring, "Parliament resolved
this day to appoint a Committee of Parliament hereinafter
referred to as the 'Constitutional Assembly' which shall
consist of all Members of Parliament, for the purpose
of deliberating, and seeking the views and advice of the
People on a new Constitution for Sri Lanka and preparing
a draft of a Constitution Bill for the consideration of
Parliament in the exercise of its powers under Article
75 of the present Constitution."
The new
Constitution is expected to replace the current executive
President-headed Constitution adopted in 1978, which invested
broad executive powers in the office of the President.
The new Constitution is expected to abolish the executive
Presidency and replace it with a Parliamentary system.
It could also partially replace the Proportional Representation
system by the First Past the Post System. District-wise
constituencies are likely to be partially replaced by
smaller constituencies and preferential votes for candidates
in a party list could be abolished entirely.
On January
9, 2016, Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe, presenting
a resolution
to set up a CA, had observed, “We will have the whole
Parliament formulating the Constitution unlike the previous
instances when the Constitutions were drafted outside
Parliament.”
Indeed,
for the first time in the post-Independence history of
Sri Lanka, Tamil parties and Tamil civil society groups
are gearing up for participation in the making of a new
Constitution as the Government has officially stated that
the new Constitution will provide a “Constitutional Resolution”
of the ethnic issue. Tamils did not participate in the
making of the 1972 and 1978 Constitutions. In 1972, the
Sirimavo Bandaranaike Government had refused to amend
the official language clause in the Constitution’s outline.
When J.R. Jayewardene changed the Constitution in 1978,
the Tamils were asking an independent Eelam, not better
representation in a united Lanka.
This time
around, the genuine concerns of the Tamils are expected
to be addressed. On March 21, 2016, supporting the devolution
of power through the new Constitution to provinces within
a united Sri Lanka to develop the country, President Maithripala
Sirisena stated that devolution of power instead of centralizing
it is the practice of developed nations and distributing
power is effective in terms of democracy, independence,
human rights and fundamental rights. President Sirisena,
in his address to the Parliament on January 9, 2016, had
observed, "We need a Constitution that suits the
needs of the 21st century and make sure that
all communities live in harmony." Similarly, on January
15, 2016, Prime Minister Wickremesinghe had noted, "We
are ready to devolve power (to minority Tamils) and protect
democracy. The Constitutional Assembly will discuss with
all, including (Tamil-dominated) provincial councils to
have a new Constitution. We will do that in a transparent
manner."
To ensure
that the constitution-making process is more participatory,
Prime Minister Wickremesinghe on December 29, 2015, appointed
a 24 member Public Representations Committee on Constitutional
Reforms (PRCCR) composed of academics, lawyers, civil
society representatives and politicians of minority parties,
to gather public opinion on Constitutional amendments.
The PRCCR began collecting grassroots public opinions
on January 18 and completed its work across the country
on February 29. Some 5,000 proposals for constitutional
change, both written and oral were presented to amend
the Constitution. Finally, the report of the Committee
along with its recommendations will be submitted to the
Cabinet Sub-Committee by April 30.
An undeniably
positive environment has been established in the country
of late. In a keenly contested Presidential
Election held on January 8, 2015,
Maithripala Sirisena, leader of the New Democratic Front
(NDF), emerged victorious securing 6,217,162 votes (51.28
per cent) against 5,768,090 votes (47.58 per cent) polled
by Mahinda Rajapaksa, the incumbent President and candidate
of the United People’s Freedom Alliance (UPFA). Later,
in the Parliamentary
Elections held on August 17, 2015,
voters gave a fractured mandate, with none of the parties
securing a simple majority. United National Party (UNP),
led by incumbent PM Wickremesinghe, secured 106 seats,
falling seven short of a simple majority in a 225-member
House; the SLFP secured just 95 seats. The main Tamil
political party, the Tamil National Alliance (TNA) won
16 seats; and the main Marxist party, Janatha Vimukthi
Peramuna (JVP, People's Liberation Front) won six. However,
following a historic agreement on August 20, 2015, between
UNP and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) to sign a Memorandum
of Understanding (MoU), the incumbent PM Wickremesinghe
took oath as the 26th Prime Minister of
the island nation on August 21, 2015. The coming together
of the two main parties to form a National Unity Government
was a major achievement.
In another
positive, on September 3, 2015, TNA was declared the main
Opposition in the Parliament with its leader R Sampanthan
becoming the first lawmaker from the minority community
to lead it in the House in 32 years. Speaker Karu Jayasuriya
told Parliament: "As the UPFA did not make any claim
for the opposition leaders post, I like to inform the
house that Mr Sampanthan the leader of the TNA has been
recognised as the leader of the opposition."
Further,
in a significant shift
in policy , on September 24, 2015,
Colombo decided to co-sponsor the draft
resolution (A/HRC/30/L.29)
that was tabled at the 30th session of the
United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) in Geneva.
Further, Prime Minister Wickremesinghe while addressing
the Commonwealth Parliamentarians' Association Regional
Seminar for Members of Parliament in Colombo on February
1, 2016, asserted that the Government would not deviate
from the Geneva resolution on reconciliation and accountability
in any way. Similarly, Foreign Affairs Minister Mangala
Samaraweera, while delivering a speech at the United States
Institute of Peace in Washington DC on February 25, 2016,
stated, "Our government is totally committed to the
successful implementation of this resolution, not because
of any desire to appease international opinion, but because
of our conviction that Sri Lanka must come to terms with
the past in order to forge ahead and secure the future
the Sri Lankan people truly deserve."
The Government
is also in the process of repealing the Prevention of
Terrorism Act (PTA) and introducing a new counter-terrorism
legislation that is in line with contemporary international
practices. The Law Commission Department on March 2, 2016,
submitted the amended Prevention of Terrorism Draft Bill
with human rights safeguards to the three relevant Ministers
– Justice and Buddhasasana Minister Dr. Wijayadasa Rajapakshe,
Foreign Affairs Minister Mangala Samaraweera and Development
Strategies and International Trade Minister Malik Samarawickrema.
In another
development, which is expected to have a far reaching
impact on the reconciliation process, President Sirisena
promised, on January 3, 2016, to provide land to settle
internally displaced persons (IDPs). On March 12, 2016,
the President handed over 701 acres of land to 700 original
land-owners during a ceremony held at Nadeshvar College
in Jaffna District. Further, the Task Force on Reconciliation
Mechanisms, appointed by the Prime Minister, on March
16, 2016, opened the online submission questionnaire on
the tri-lingual website of the Secretariat for Coordinating
Reconciliation Mechanisms, at www.scrm.gov.lk.
On January 8, 2016, the President pardoned former Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
cadre Sivaraja Jenivan alias Mohommadu Sulthan
Cader Mohideen, who tried to assassinate him in 2006.
For years,
the political environment for a comprehensive Constitutional
reform remained elusive in Sri Lanka. The situation has
now changed for the better. It remains to be seen whether
the redrafted Constitution will be able to sufficiently
accommodate the aspirations all communities in the country,
but the opportunity has certainly been created.
|
Weekly Fatalities: Major
Conflicts in South Asia
March
21-27, 2016
|
Civilians
|
Security
Force Personnel
|
Terrorists/Insurgents
|
Total
|
BANGLADESH
|
|
Islamist Terrorism
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
INDIA
|
|
Meghalaya
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Left-Wing
Extremism
|
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Chhattisgarh
|
3
|
0
|
1
|
4
|
Total (INDIA)
|
4
|
0
|
2
|
6
|
PAKISTAN
|
|
Balochistan
|
0
|
0
|
12
|
12
|
FATA
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
KP
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
3
|
Punjab
|
72
|
0
|
5
|
77
|
Sindh
|
3
|
0
|
4
|
7
|
Total (PAKISTAN)
|
|
|
|
|
Provisional
data compiled from English language media sources.
|
BANGLADESH
Liberation
War
Denial
Crimes
Act
drafted
with
provision
for
five
years'
imprisonment
for
denial
of
facts
and
settled
issues:
The
Law
Commission
on
March
22
has
drafted
the
Liberation
War
Denial
Crimes
Act,
2016
with
a
provision
for
five
years'
imprisonment
as
the
highest
punishment
for
denial
of
historically
established
facts
and
settled
issues.
The
Commission
said
that
any
act
of
undermining,
misinterpreting,
distorting,
disrespecting
and
running
propaganda
campaigns
against
the
historical
facts
about
the
Liberation
War
would
be
deemed
as
offences
under
the
proposed
law.
Daily Star,
March
23,
2016.
INDIA
Naxal
activities
continue
to
be
a
matter
of
concern,
says
UMHA
annual
report:
Naxal-[Left-Wing
Extremism
(LWE)]
activities
continue
to
be
a
matter
of
concern
with
35
Districts
in
seven
states
being
badly-hit,
according
to
the
annual
report
of
the
Union
Ministry
of
Home
Affairs
(UMHA)
for
2015-16.
"Left
Wing
Extremism
(LWE)
remains
an
area
of
concern
for
internal
security
of
the
country,"
the
report
submitted
to
Parliament
said.
While
106
Districts
in
10
States
are
affected
by
Communist
Party
of
India-Maoist
(CPI-Maoist)
activities
in
varying
degrees,
35
Districts
in
seven
states
are
the
most
affected.
PTI,
March
25,
2016.
Maoists
setting
up
bases
in
NE,
claims
UHM
Rajnath
Singh:
Union
Home
Minister
(UHM)
Rajnath
Singh
on
March
22
said
intelligence
inputs
suggested
Communist
Party
of
India-Maoist
(CPI-Maoist)
were
setting
up
bases
in
the
North
East.
“We
have
got
information
that
in
some
parts
of
the
North
East,
Maoists
are
trying
to
strike
roots.
We
have
to
check
this
(Maoists
setting
bases
in
the
region),”
the
UHM
added.
The
Assam
Tribune,
March
24,
2016.
Lottery
becomes
new
Maoist
strategy
to
recruit
children
in
Jharkhand,
says
report:
The
Communist
Party
of
India-Maoist
(CPI-Maoist)
is
recruiting
children
through
lucky
draw
in
Jharkhand
where
names
are
written
down
in
small
bits
of
paper
and
randomly
picked.
This
is
being
dubbed
as
a
new
strategy
of
the
adopted
by
the
Maoists
as
with
dwindling
forces
and
unwilling
parents,
they
have
found
a
new
recruitment
strategy
for
child
soldiers.
Deccan
Chronicle,
March
22,
2016.
Need
more
security
along
border
in
NE,
says
UHM
Rajnath
Singh:
Union
Home
Minister
(UHM)
Rajnath
Singh
on
March
21
admitted
the
need
to
strengthen
security
the
international
border
in
the
North-Eastern
states
to
curb
the
smuggling
of
arms.
“We
are
trying
to
ensure
border
security
through
all
possible
mean
and
to
curb
cross-border
terrorism
in
the
region,”
Singh
added.
Nagaland
Post,
March
22,
2016.
PAKISTAN
At
least
72
persons
killed
in
suicide
blast
in
Lahore:
At
least
72
people
were
killed
and
more
than
300
injured
in
a
suicide
attack
in
Lahore
on
March
27,
2016.
The
Tehreek-e-Taliban
Pakistan’s
(TTP)
splinter
group
Jama’at-ul-Ahrar
(JuA)
claimed
responsibility
for
the
suicide
attack.
“We
claim
responsibility
for
the
attack
on
Christians
as
they
were
celebrating
Easter,”
‘spokesperson’
of
the
JuA
Ehsanullah
Ehsan
told
over
telephone.
Tribune,
March
28,
2016.
JuD
launched
official
website
in
December
2015,
says
report:
On
December
26,
2015,
the
Jamaat-ud-Dawa
(JuD)
launched
a
website
called
nazarpakistan.com.
In
fact
at
the
launch
event
which
was
organised
by
the
newly
set
up
cyber
team
of
the
outfit,
JuD
chief
Hafiz
Saeed,
said
that
Islamic
State
(IS)
was
an
example
of
how
the
social
media
helped
propagate
their
cause.
One
India,
March
22,
2016.
353
convicts
executed
since
APS
Peshawar
attack,
Supreme
Court
told:
The
Supreme
Court
was
informed
on
March
22
that
as
of
February
2,
2016,
as
many
as
353
convicts
had
been
executed
since
the
lifting
of
moratorium
on
the
death
penalty
by
the
Federal
Government.
The
information
was
laid
before
a
two-judge
Supreme
Court
bench,
headed
by
Justice
Ejaz
Afzal
Khan,
on
behalf
of
the
Interior
Ministry
by
Deputy
Attorney
General
(DAG)
Sajid
Ilyas
Bhatti.
The
report
was,
however,
quiet
about
whether
the
executed
convicts
also
included
militants
who
were
convicted
by
military
courts
and
whose
executions
began
soon
after
the
Army
Public
School
Peshawar
attack
on
December
16,
2014.
Dawn,
March
23,
2016.
SRI
LANKA
There
are
no
Islamist
jihadist
groups
in
Sri
Lanka,
says
ICES:
A
study
commissioned
by
the
Colombo-based
International
Centre
for
Ethnic
Studies
(ICES)
said
that
there
are
no
Islamist
jihadist
groups
in
Sri
Lanka.
According
to
study,
the
discussions
with
representative
of
Thablighi
Jamaat,
Thawheed
&
Sufi
groups
revealed
that
while
there
are
discontent
among
Muslim
youth,
acts
of
violence
are
unlikely
in
the
near
future.
ICES
commissioned
the
study
after
accusations
were
made,
both
from
within
and
outside
the
Muslim
community,
that
in
recent
years
a
jihadist
movement
was
in
the
making
in
the
Eastern
Province.
Daily News,
March
26,
2016.
'I
support
devolution
of
power
through
new
Constitution
to
provinces
within
a
united
Sri
Lanka
to
develop
country',
says
President
Maithripala
Sirisena:
President
Maithripala
Sirisena
on
March
21
said
that
he
supports
devolution
of
power
through
the
new
Constitution
to
provinces
within
a
united
Sri
Lanka
to
develop
the
country.
He
said
devolution
of
power
instead
of
centralizing
it
is
the
practice
of
developed
nations
and
distributing
power
is
effective
in
terms
of
democracy,
independence,
human
rights
and
fundamental
rights.
Colombo
Page,
March
22,
2016.
The South
Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR) is a weekly service that
brings you regular data, assessments and news briefs on
terrorism, insurgencies and sub-conventional warfare, on
counter-terrorism responses and policies, as well as on
related economic, political, and social issues, in the South
Asian region.
SAIR is a project
of the Institute
for Conflict Management
and the
South
Asia Terrorism Portal.
|
|
|