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SOUTH ASIA INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
Weekly Assessments & Briefings
Volume 14, No. 2, July 13, 2015

Data and assessments from SAIR can be freely published in any form with credit to the South Asia Intelligence Review of the
South Asia Terrorism Portal


ASSESSMENT

INDIA
PAKISTAN
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Ajai Sahni
Editor, SAIR; Executive Director, ICM & SATP

India's policy on Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), on terrorism, and on the principal sponsor of terrorism in South Asia - Pakistan - has often been criticized for its inconsistencies. Over the past years, however, an increasing consistency has been evident - though perhaps not in any particularly constructive sense: the consistency of a pendulum, swinging with insistent regularity from one extreme to the other.

Another ‘historical’ media event has been orchestrated, with ‘unprecedented’ agreements arrived at during the meeting of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on the sidelines of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit at Ufa in Russia on July 10, 2015. Modi’s attendance at the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit at Islamabad in 2016 is being packaged as a ‘breakthrough’ in Indo-Pak relations, as are the restoration of routine diplomatic and military contacts between the two countries. Crucially, it was India that sought the meeting between the two Prime Ministers at Ufa.

Meanwhile, a day earlier, on July 9, 2015, a Border Security Force (BSF) Constable was killed by Pakistani troops in the Nowgam Sector of Kupwara District, along the Line of Control (LoC), in J&K. Constable Krishan Kumar Dubey of BSF’s 119th Battalion was killed when Pakistani troops fired three sniper shots at him at the Karam picket in the Nowgam Sector.

Further, on July 5, 2015, Pakistani Rangers opened fire at Indian positions in the Nowgam Sector, killing another BSF trooper. At the same time, Pakistani Rangers had also opened fire in the Macchil Sector of the same District, but no casualty was reported there.

On the same date, Pakistani Rangers had resorted to night-long firing targeting six Border Out Posts (BOPs) in the Arnia sector of Jammu District, along the International Border (IB). However, no casualty was reported.

According to partial data collated by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), Pakistani Forces have violated the Cease Fire Agreement (CFA) on at least 50 occasions during the first six months of 2015 (data till June 30), resulting in three fatalities among Security Force (SF) personnel. There were 74 CFA violations by Pakistan during the last six months of 2014, resulting in three deaths among SF personnel. There have already been five CFA violations by Pakistan, resulting in the death of two SF personnel, in the month of July 2015 ( till July 12). 

CFA violations by Pakistani Forces are deliberately intended to help infiltrate terrorists into Indian Territory. SATP’s partial data has recorded at least 17 infiltration attempts during the first six months of 2015 (till June 30), resulting in 11 fatalities – eight terrorists and three SF personnel, adding to 19 such attempts during the last six months of 2014, which resulted in 13 fatalities – 12  terrorists and one trooper.

Further, J&K State Director General of Police (DGP) K. Rajendra Kumar disclosed, on June 11, 2015, that there was a significant concentration of terrorists across the LoC, and intelligence reports indicate that infiltration attempts are slated to increase. Moreover, Union Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs Haribhai Parathibhai Chaudhary stated in Parliament on February 24, 2015, “According to reports there are several terrorist training camps in Pak Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (POJK) of the various outfits i.e. Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT), Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), which are used for training and subsequently for infiltrating trained militants/terrorists into J&K State.”

It is significant that, as recently as on June 7, 2015,  Modi had, during his visit to Bangladesh, declared, that Pakistan was a ‘nuisance’ and was responsible for ‘promoting terrorism’ in the South Asian region. Reiterating India’s purported ‘hardline’ position, External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj, speaking on May 31, 2015, after a Pakistani court ordered the release of jailed 26/11 (Mumbai 2008) attack perpetrator Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, demanded, “If Lakhvi remains outside and he remains free and Pakistan thinks we will speak, will India ever accept that?” On the other hand, Pakistan’s Interior Minister, Nisar Ali Khan, had clearly stated that his Government would not ban the Jama’at-ud-Dawa (JuD), the organisation responsible for numberless terrorist attacks on Indian soil, including the 26/11 carnage.

Just a day before the Ufa confabulations, Pakistan’s Defence Minister Khwaja Asif had warned that Pakistan could use nuclear weapons against India in the event of war.

And just a month earlier, in the wake of a minor Indian Army operation on Myanmarese soil against militants of some Northeastern insurgent groups, several Indian Government sources, including Ministers, vastly exaggerating the significance of the incident, had warned that the operation was a ‘message’ to Pakistan as well.

Crucially, shortly after his election, but before he had been sworn in as Prime Minister, Modi had promised a brave new strategy to deal with Pakistan’s mischief, the lynchpin of which was that talks and terrorism could not go together, that it was not “possible to have a discussion amidst the deafening noise of bomb blasts and gunshots... There can be no talks till all this (terrorism) comes to an end.”

The Bharatiya Janata Party’s Election Manifesto 2014 had promised “zero tolerance on terrorism, extremism and crime”, noting that “Over the past decade, lack of a strong and visionary leadership, coupled with multiple power centres, has failed to address the issue of national security, leading to a chaotic situation and denting India's image in the international arena.” Recognizing the “increase in incidence of Pakistan backed terror groups in India”, among other threats to national security, the Manifesto declared, “BJP recognizes the importance of identifying a clear roadmap to address the issue head-on, with radical systemic changes.”

None of this has come to pass. Despite completely unambiguous evidence of Pakistan’s continuing mischief, the Indian establishment under Modi, after some little bluster and posturing, has returned to the default setting of India’s policy on Pakistan – vacillation and drift. For all the promise of ‘radical change’, the options remained circumscribed to ‘talks’ or ‘no talks’, a situation no different from that under the feckless Manmohan Singh Government. There has been a comprehensive failure to develop any other instrumentalities to force any measure of rationality or compliance on Islamabad, and no evidence whatsoever of any ‘strong, visionary leadership’.

A range of extraneous circumstances, particularly including enormous international (particularly US) pressure on Islamabad, a mounting crisis of domestic terrorism, and a shift in strategic priorities towards the more urgent terrorist campaigns in Afghanistan, have provided some relief in J&K, and this has been capitalized on by Indian SFs. The result has been a dramatic improvement in the security situation in J&K, with a total of 70 fatalities recorded in the first six months of 2015, as against 124 such killings in the latter half of 2014.

Nevertheless, there is clear evidence of Pakistan’s continuing efforts to support radicalization and terrorism, despite dwindling support in the Valley and beyond. Pakistan’s external intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is actively supporting its terrorist proxies to find new recruits. According to a July 7, 2015, report, intelligence agencies warned that at least 14 LeT and five JeM terrorists had infiltrated into J&K, with the principal objective of recruiting youth to their cause, from villages located along the LoC and the IB. JeM has resolved to mark 2015 as a year of ‘Inquilab-e-Jihad’. Most of the terrorists currently operating in J&K are of foreign origin. DGP Kumar stated, on January 14, 2015, "We continue to see foreign terrorists' presence between 40 to 50 per cent. The sidelining of the militant Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) and downsizing of the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM) has seen increase in foreign terrorists, who are more ruthless."

Further, a hitherto unknown terror outfit, Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI), widely considered to be a front of the Hizb-ul-Mujahiddeen (HM), has spread havoc in the Sopore area of Baramulla District, disrupting mobile networks, and engaging in a campaign of targeted killings. At least six persons, including two activists of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference – Gilani (APHC-G), have been killed, just between May 25 and June 15, 2015.

Efforts to orchestrate public disorders in J&K, and to reunite the fractious separatist constituency, are also in evidence, even as the Pakistan High Commission at Delhi continues to find occasion to meet, consult with and guide the separatist leaders. One such meeting, for an Iftar party on July 4, was scuttled to ensure that the Modi-Sharif meeting at Ufa went through; but reports now indicate that the High Commission will be hosting the separatist leaders for an Id Milan party on July 21, 2015. It is significant that Foreign Secretary level talks between India and Pakistan were suspended, and the entire, premature, negotiation process was derailed, after the Pakistan High Commission had hosted the separatist leaders in August 2014. Thereafter, however, separatists attended the Pakistan Day celebration of March 2015.

The Modi Government has betrayed its promise of bringing coherence to its policy on terrorism and on Pakistan and has relied more on the projection of a false image, rather than on the acquisition of any real strength, or the development of any consistent strategy. It appears that every party reserves its heroics and its nationalism for its periods in opposition; once in power, every regime operates within the same inertial paradigm, alternating between occasional sulks in the wake of fresh Pakistani transgressions, and desperate intervals of directionless conciliation. For all his efforts to project himself as a strongman, Modi is progressively exposing himself as being as weak kneed as his spiritless predecessor, Manmohan Singh. In the process, without securing any measurable gains, he has conferred increasing legitimacy on a rogue state that has long sponsored terrorism in India, extended the malignant shadow of Islamist extremism and terrorist violence across vast areas of the globe, and that remains the epicenter of geopolitical destabilization in the South Asian region.

NEPAL
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Gathering Momentum
S. Binodkumar Singh
Research Associate, Institute for Conflict Management

On July 7, 2015, after weeklong deliberations, the Constituent Assembly (CA) endorsed the preliminary draft of the new Constitution, clearing the way for public consultations on its provisions. Further, on July 9, 2015, the CA endorsed an action plan for publicizing the draft Constitution and provided 15 days to the Committee on Citizen Relation and Public Opinion Collection to gather people’s views on the document and submit its report to the CA.

According to the action plan of the Committee, the draft will be disseminated through newspapers, radios and other mass media. The draft will also be published in the Nepal Gazette. Officials of the CA Secretariat will visit 240 electoral constituencies and 75 Districts to seek people’s feedback.

Moreover, the CA formed a sub-committee on July 9, 2015, to collect suggestions on the draft Constitution from Non Resident Nepalis (NRNs), estimated to be around three million, including students and labor force living away from home. The feedbacks from NRNs are to be collected through embassies and foreign wings of political parties. Those living abroad can also post their comments via CA’s website www.can.gov.np/draft.

Abruptly, it appears, the process of finalizing the draft Constitution has been expedited.

After 17 months of the formation of the second CA on January 20, 2014, the preliminary draft of the new Constitution was tabled in the CA on June 30, 2015, paving the way for promulgation of the new Constitution. Constitution Drafting Committee (CDC) Chairman Krishna Prasad Sitaula presented the draft, proposing wider discussion among CA members. CDC had recommenced the drafting process on June 14, 2015, after it received the report of the CA's Constitutional Political Dialogue and Consensus Committee (CPDCC) and directed the five Sub-committees under it to prepare draft proposals as per the 16-point Agreement signed by four major political parties – the Nepali Congress (NC), Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML), Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) and Madhesi Janadhikar Forum-Loktantrik (MJF-L) – on June 8, 2015. The Sub-committees include a Legislature Sub-committee under the convener-ship of Bharat Mohan Adhikari; a Justice Sub-committee under Ramesh Lekhak; an Executive Sub-committee under Hitraj Pandey; a Preamble Sub-committee under Jitendra Dev; and a Fundamental Rights Sub-committee under Aindra Sundar Nembang.

United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Nepal, Jamie McGoldrick, commending the progress in the Constitution drafting process on behalf of the international community, in a statement issued on July 9, 2015, observed, "The accomplishment of a democratic and inclusive Constitution, providing for the interests, equity and rights of women and men from all sections of Nepali society would build on the positive achievements of past agreements. With this fundamental and guiding document, the political leaderships have a historic opportunity to inspire a peaceful, united, inclusive and democratic future of Nepal.”

However, in a major blow to the process, the Supreme Court (SC) on June 19, 2015, ordered the CA and concerned political parties not to implement the 16-point Agreement. Issuing an interim order, responding to a writ petition filed by Bijay Kanta Karna on June 16, 2015, a single bench of Justice Girish Chandra Lal noted that the points of the deal on forming eight provinces, assigning provincial assemblies to name them, and forming a Federal Commission to finalize delineation, would contradict Articles 138 and 82 of the Interim Constitution of 2007. The SC order stated, “As Interim Constitution is the fundamental law of Nepal, it is duty of every person to uphold it. The Constituent Assembly, executive, judiciary and even the political parties have been established as per the provisions of the Constitution and institutions within the state or founded by the state should function in accordance with the Constitution and Constitutional Law. If attempts are made to draft a new Constitution overriding the provisions of the existing Constitution, it could be controversial and could also invite another conflict."

Immediately after the SC’s ruling, the four major political parties held an emergency meeting on June 19, 2015, at Prime Minister Sushil Koirala’s official residence in Baluwatar, Kathmandu, and issued a joint statement which read, “The CA is an independent and capable institution. It is indisputable that its decision on Constitution-drafting will be final. It’s a prerogative of the CA to decide how to make the Constitution and of what kind.” Subsequently, overlooking the SC order, the four major parties went ahead with their plan to promulgate the new Constitution by tabling the draft of the new Constitution in the CA on June 30, 2015.  

Foreseeing a future stand-off, President Ram Baran Yadav invited Prime Minister and NC President Sushil Koirala, CPN-UML Chairman KP Sharma Oli, UCPN-M Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal aka Prachanda and MJF-L Chairman Bijaya Kumar Gachhadar to Sheetal Niwas, the official residence of the President in Kathmandu, on July 10, 2015, and advised the four major political parties to promulgate the new Constitution only after the delineation of provinces, a key demand of the leaders from Madhesi and Janajati constituencies, in accordance with the SC’s observation. UCPN-M has already softened its earlier stand on the issue, on July 12, 2015, with UCPN-M Chairman Dahal stating, "It is possible to delineate provinces prior to promulgation of the new Constitution. I have asked NC and UML leaders to give the Constitution a complete shape."

Meanwhile, United Democratic Madhesi Front (UDMF), a four party alliance of Madhesi People's Rights Forum Nepal (MPRF-N), Tarai Madhes Democratic Party (TMDP), Sadbhavana Party (SP) and National Madhes Shadbhavana Party (NMSP), burnt the copies of preliminary draft of the Constitution, on July 1, 2015. After tearing and burning the Constitution draft in front of the Department of Roads office in Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, the Madhesi leaders came down heavily on the preliminary draft, and warned of severe protests if the major political parties did not pay heed to their demands. On July 10, 2015, the dissenting UDMF announced programmes of protest which included putting black flags in public areas and organizing rallies in Kathmandu and other major cities of the country. The alliance has been demanding that Nepal be federated into 11 provinces as recommended by the State Restructuring Commission formed in 2011, and not into eight as agreed in the 16-point Agreement.

Separately, four fringe political parties in the CA, including Sanghiya Samajwadi Party (SSP), Tarai Madhes Loktantrik Party (TMLP), SP and Tarai Madhes Sadbhavana Party (TMSP), boycotted the CA meeting on July 5, 2015, reiterating their demand that the Constitution should be promulgated only after the delineation of federal units. TMLP General Secretary Sarbendra Nath Shukla stated that federalism without demarcation of state boundaries was like a body without its head. Similarly, the Rastriya Prajatantra Party-Nepal (RPP-N) on July 5, 2015, announced protest programmes demanding an end to secularism and re-establishment of the Hindu state.

Astonishingly, during an interview on June 26, 2015, Prime Minister Koirala had already declared,
There is no reason to doubt the trajectory of new Constitution. It has already entered a process. Every Committee of the Constituent Assembly is working on war footing. There is not a moment to waste. You might consider the Constitution done and dusted. No force can stop it now. There is no time like now to reconstruct the country and take it on the path of development and prosperity. The recent disaster has only added to the urgency. Our commitment is peace, development, democracy and prosperity and there is no better time to institutionalize them.

Further, speaking at a ceremony in Kavrepalanchok District on July 3, 2015, the Prime Minister again said that no one could obstruct the Constitution writing process, as it had already been initiated and the new Constitution would be promulgated at any cost. 

The coming together of the major parties to finalize the draft of the new Constitution is undoubtedly a major achievement. The process of taking the draft to the public and receiving their feedback will continue for a fortnight or so. Maintaining a high level of transparency on the kind of suggestions received, on how they are being tabulated and how these concerns will be tackled in the new Constitution, will be necessary, if the existing rifts in the country are not to widen further. The legal face-off between the major parties and the country’s apex court will also need to be resolved, if it is not to turn into a disruptive rallying point for dissident forces in the country. It is encouraging to note that some first steps in this direction have already been initiated by the UCPN-M.


NEWS BRIEFS

Weekly Fatalities: Major Conflicts in South Asia
July 6-12, 2015

 

Civilians

Security Force Personnel

Terrorists/Insurgents

Total

INDIA

 

Assam

0
0
1
1

Jammu and Kashmir

0
1
3
4

Manipur

0
0
1
1

Meghalaya

0
0
1
1

Left-Wing Extremism

 

Odisha

1
0
0
1

Total (INDIA)

1
1
6
8

PAKISTAN

 

Balochistan

12
1
3
16

FATA

0
6
9
15

KP

0
1
0
1

Punjab

0
0
1
1

Sindh

7
1
0
8

PAKISTAN (Total)

19
9
13
41
Provisional data compiled from English language media sources.


INDIA

UMHA declares whole of Nagaland as "disturbed area" further for a period of one year: Union Ministry of Home Affairs (UMHA) has declared whole of Nagaland as a "disturbed area" for a further period of one year from June 30, 2015. Notification in this regard states that the Government of India (GoI) is of the opinion that the entire state is in such a "disturbed" and "dangerous" condition that the use of armed forces in aid of civil power is "necessary". Times of India, July 8, 2015.

Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh calls for reduction of CAPFs in Northeast: Union Home Minister (UHM) Rajnath Singh on July 11 stressed the need to decrease deployment of Security Forces [with reference to Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs)] in the Northeast. "In the wake of improvement in security scenario, there is a need to review deployment of security forces in the region. At present, the deployment is more than when the insurgency was at its peak… I would urge all the Hon'ble Chief Ministers to conduct a realistic audit of deployment of Central Armed Police Forces in their states…Without compromising with security, we must plan to reduce deployment to make the environment easy and also to encourage positive thinking of outsiders about this region," he said while addressing a conference of North East Chief Ministers in Guwahati. Telegraph, July 12, 2015.

Government asks Supreme Court to let it seize assets of Dawood relatives, says report: The government has asked the Supreme Court to let it confiscate properties of Dawood Ibrahim's sister and his other relatives in Mumbai (Maharashtra), pointing out Dawood's kin have failed to establish their source of income and "lawful acquisition" of these properties. Justifying the order of attachment passed in 1998, the Ministry of Finance has maintained in its affidavit that relatives of the fugitive were covered under the relevant provisions of the Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act (SAFEMA). Indian Express, July 11, 2015.


NEPAL

CA endorses 15-day action plan on seeking public opinion: The Committee on Citizen Relation and Public Opinion Collection has come up with a 15-day action plan to collect public opinion on preliminary draft of new constitution. The action-plan endorsed by full House Constituent Assembly (CA) on July 9 will come into effect from July 10. The action-plan has drawn criticism for allotting only two days for holding direct interaction with common people though the Committee got 15 days. Kantipur Online, July 10, 2015.

UCPN-M backtracks and decides to mount pressure for delineation of provinces prior to promulgation of the new Constitution: Backtracking on its earlier stance, top leadership of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) on July 12 has decided to mount pressure for delineation of provinces prior to promulgation of the new constitution. Addressing a function organized by All Nepal National Independent Student Union-Revolutionary (ANNISU-R), the student wing of the party in Kathmandu, UCPN-M Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal directed student leaders to start campaign to mount pressure on the Constituent Assembly (CA) and political parties to delineate provinces before promulgation of the new Constitution. Dahal said, "It is possible to delineate provinces prior to promulgation of the new Constitution. I have asked Nepali Congress (NC) and Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML) leaders to give the Constitution a complete shape." Republica, July 13, 2015.


PAKISTAN

483 alleged criminals killed in encounters so far under NAP 2015: According to a report presented in a meeting held at the Central Police Office (CPO) in Karachi on June 9, Sindh Police carried out 8,928 targeted operations and 1,512 search operations, and killed 483 criminals in different Districts of Sindh, including Karachi, as per the National Action Plan (NAP) since January 2015 until July 8, 2015. As many as 5,397 alleged criminals were also arrested during this period from across Sindh, while the Police also claimed to have recovered explosive material from their possession. Dawn, July 10, 2015.

Government decides to install 'ankle chip' for electronic surveillance of terror suspects: The Law Enforcement Agencies decided on July 10 to install 'tracking chips' on the ankles of 1,600 'terror suspects' in Punjab after Eidul Fitr (Holy month of Eid) to monitor their movements. There are some 1,600 terror suspects on the list of the Fourth Schedule in Punjab. The Fourth Schedule defines a terror suspect as a "person who is concerned in terrorism or he belongs to a proscribed organisation". Dawn, July 11, 2015.

Government to use Daesh instead of Islamic State in a move to delegitimize it: The Foreign Office on July 9 decided not to call Islamic State (IS) by this name and instead refer to it as Daesh. "I would refer to the outfit as Daesh as there is nothing Islamic about it," Foreign Office spokesman Qazi Khalilullah said. The Foreign Ministry had previously been using both IS and Daesh in its statements. There have been calls by Muslim scholars for calling the group Daesh in a move to delegitimize it. Dawn, July 10, 2015.

Karachi will be cleansed of crime and terrorists at all costs, says Sindh Apex Committee: During an emergency meeting of Sindh Apex Committee that was held at Chief Minister House in Karachi on July 12, it was agreed that the operation against terrorists will be brought to its logical conclusion and the port city will be cleared from crime and miscreants at all costs. "Slow implementation on National Action Plan (NAP) is affecting action against miscreants in the metropolis," it was observed. The News, July 13, 2015.

Terrorists won't be allowed to come back to the tribal areas, says DG ISPR Major General Asim Saleem Bajwa: Director General (DG) of Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) Major General Asim Saleem Bajwa said on July 12 that terrorists will not be allowed to return to the tribal areas and no agreement will be made with them in this regard. He said that the Army and the local tribesmen had agreed that terrorists would never be allowed to come back once the whole area was cleared of them. "The state position is very clear that there would be no agreement with the Taliban and no question of their return arises," he said. The News, July 13, 2015.

Christians and Sikhs get tribal elder status in Khyber Agency in FATA: The Khyber Agency political administration in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) on July 10 granted the status of 'Lungi holder' (tribal elder) to four representatives of minority communities, Christians and Sikhs, living in the Agency. Officials said that it was for the first time that minorities living in FATA were granted the status of tribal elders, thus formally merging the community into the tribal society. Dawn, July 11, 2015.

Pakistan hosts first round of Afghan Government-Taliban peace talks: The first round of first official peace talks between the Afghan Taliban and the Afghanistan Government concluded in Pakistan on July 7 with an agreement to meet again after the month of Ramazan. The next round of talks is provisionally planned for August 15 and 16 in Doha, capital of Qatar, according to sources close to the participants. Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif hailed the meeting as a "breakthrough". Daily Times, July 10, 2015.


SRI LANKA

TNA bars former members of LTTE from contesting parliamentary elections next month: Tamil National Alliance (TNA) has barred former members of the terrorist organization Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) from contesting parliamentary elections next month. Several ex-LTTE members had reportedly applied to be nominated from the former battle zone Districts in the north and eastern provinces for the August 17 polls. Among them was Ananthi Sasitharan, wife of Elilan, a former senior LTTE member from the eastern province in Trincomalee District. Colombo Page, July 7, 2015.


The South Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR) is a weekly service that brings you regular data, assessments and news briefs on terrorism, insurgencies and sub-conventional warfare, on counter-terrorism responses and policies, as well as on related economic, political, and social issues, in the South Asian region.

SAIR is a project of the Institute for Conflict Management and the South Asia Terrorism Portal.

South Asia Intelligence Review [SAIR]

Publisher
K. P. S. Gill

Editor
Dr. Ajai Sahni


A Project of the
Institute For Conflict Management



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