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SOUTH ASIA INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
Weekly Assessments & Briefings
Volume 13, No. 51, June 22, 2015

Data and assessments from SAIR can be freely published in any form with credit to the South Asia Intelligence Review of the
South Asia Terrorism Portal


ASSESSMENT

INDIA
Click for PrintPrint

Disturbing Trend
Deepak Kumar Nayak
Research Assistant, Institute for Conflict Management

On June 16, 2015, cadres of the Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist) killed a 42-year old Christian pastor, Ramesh Majhi, of Puijhari village under the M. Rampur Police Station limits in Kalahandi District of Odisha, suspecting him of being a ‘Police informer’. A Maoist poster recovered near the body stated that Majhi was punished at the Praja Court ('people's court') for working as a ‘Police informer’.

Earlier, on June 8, 2015, Maoist cadres killed a villager, identified as Sodi Chandra Singh, on suspicion of being a ‘Police informer’ near Polamapalli in the Sukma District of Chhattisgarh. The statement issued by the Maoists’ Konta ‘area committee’ of South Bastar Division, on a note left near the dead body, declared, “Sodi Chandra Singh had been associated with the Police’s intelligence network since 2013. He continuously provided inputs of our People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army [PLGA] meetings to the Police. He was the informer for Police when a team of STF [Special Task Force] came to Pidmed on April 10 to attack the PLGA.”

On June 5, 2015, a village guard, identified as Jaga Khilo, was killed by the Maoists at Petru village under Pottangi Police Station limits in Koraput District of Odisha. The Maoists left a handwritten letter, suspected to be from the Srikakulam-Koraput Division of the CPI-Maoists’ Andhra Odisha Border Special Zonal Committee (AOBSZC), near the body of the deceased in which they alleged he was a ‘Police informer’.

So far in 2015 (all data till June 21), 24 ‘Police informers’ have been killed by the Maoists across different Naxal (Left Wing Extremism, LWE)-affected States. The total number of civilian fatalities in Maoist violence across the country, in the current year, stands at 44. Thus, 54.54 per cent of civilians killed during this period were tagged by Maoists as ‘Police informers’.

Such killings have been rampant since the formation of the CPI-Maoist on September 21, 2004.  According to partial data collated by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), a total of 499 civilians, tagged as ‘Police informers’ have been killed by the Maoists across different Naxal-affected States, since this date. The total number of civilian fatalities in such violence, during the same period, stood at 2,800. 17.82 per cent of civilians killed during this period were labeled ‘Police informers’.

Odisha recorded the highest number of such killings during this period, 113 out of a total of 273 civilian fatalities (41.39 per cent); followed by Jharkhand with 95 out of a total of 596 civilian fatalities (15.93 per cent); Chhattisgarh 88, out of 691 civilian fatalities (12.73 per cent); Andhra Pradesh, 76 out of a total of 261 civilian fatalities (29.11 per cent); West Bengal,  53 of a total of 544 civilian fatalities (9.74 per cent); Maharashtra 51 of a total of 139 civilian fatalities (36.69 per cent); Bihar, 18 of a total of 284 civilian fatalities (6.33 per cent); Uttar Pradesh, two of a total of two civilian fatalities (100 per cent); Telangana two of three civilian fatalities (66.66 per cent); and Karnataka one of seven civilian fatalities (14.28 per cent).

Number of ‘Police informers’ killed by CPI-Maoist

State

2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Total

Andhra Pradesh

1 (01)
23 (132)
5 (18)
9 (24)
14 (28)
4 (10)

9(17)

3 (6)
5 (6)
0 (10)
1 (6)
2 (3)
76 (261)

Bihar

0 (10)
0 (25)
1 (16)
2 (23)
7 (35)
1 (37)
3 (54)
2 (39)
1 (16)
0 (21)
0 (7)
1 (1)
18 (284)

Chhattisgarh

2 (7)
1 (52)
0 (189)
9 (95)
8 (35)
26(87)
14 (72)
9 (39)
6 (26)
2(48)
4 (25)
7 (16)
88 (691)
Jharkhand
2 (6)
2 (49)
5 (18)
5 (69)
12 (74)
18 (74)
17 (71)
14 (79)
9(48)
5 (48)
1 (48)
5 (12)
95 (596)
Karnataka
0 (0)
0 (2)
0 (0)
1 (1)
0 (3)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
1 (7)
Maharashtra
0 (0)
1 (2)
1 (13)
4 (9)
0 (2)
9 (12)
7 (22)
12(34)
8 (21)
4 (10)
1 (9)
4 (5)
51 (139)
Odisha
0 (0)
2 (13)
0 (3)
0 (13)
7 (24)
15 (36)
25 (62)
21 (36)
10 (27)
13 (22)
16 (31)
4 (6)
113 (273)
Telangana
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
1 (2)
1 (1)
2 (3)
Uttar Pradesh
0 (0)
1 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
1 (1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
2 (2)
West Bengal
0 (0)
0 (5)
0 (9)
1 (6)
1 (19)
17 (134)
29 (328)
5 (41)
0 (2)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
53 (544)
TOTAL
5 (24) 20.83%
30 (281) 10.67%
12 (266) 4.51%
31 (240) 12.91%
49 (220) 22.27%
91 (391) 23.27%
104 (626) 16.61%
66 (275) 24%
39 (146) 26.71%
24 (159) 15.09%
24 (128) 18.75%
24 (44) 54.54%
499 (2800) 17.82%
Source: SATP, * Data till June 21, 2015
Figures in brackets indicate number of total civilians killed.

Though the percentage of such killings has varied from year to year, since Maoists violence has been on a decline since the beginning of 2011, the killing of alleged 'Police informers' has recorded a continuous rise, with the exception of 2013. 

The situation may well be worse. According to Union Ministry of Home Affairs (UMHA) data, available only since 2010, the number of alleged ‘Police informers’ killed by Naxalites between January 1, 2010, and April 15, 2015, stood at a staggering 901. Total fatalities recorded by UMHA among civilians during the same period was 2,039. Thus, alleged 'Police informers' constituted 44.18 per cent of all civilian killings. The annual percentage variation, however, has been irregular within a limited band.

Number of 'Police informers" killed during 2010 to 2015 (upto 15.04.2015)

Parameter

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015 (upto 15.04.2015)
Total

Civilians killed

720
469
301
282
222
45
2039

'Police informers' killed

323
218
134
113
91
22
901

Percentage of 'Police informers' killed

44.86
46.48
44.51
40.07
40.99
48.88
44.18
Source: MHA

Killings tends to be the final step, and the Maoists frequently harass people, issuing warnings and threats and administering lesser punishments against people they suspect of ‘collaborating’ with the Police. In one of such incidents, on June 3, 2015, around 60 tribal families of Andrapalli and Panasput villages under Kudumuluguma block in the Malkangiri District of Odisha left the Chitrakonda camp where they had been housed by the administration, reportedly as a result of Maoist threats and intimidation, following allegations of ‘collaboration with the Police’.

The Maoists have admitted to having suffered cumulative and crippling losses over the past years, and their mistrust of local populations grows with each successful operations by the Security Forces (SFs). The Maoists believe that SFs have succeeded in weakening their leadership with the help of 'Police informers' and are urgently trying to infuse fear among the locals through targeted executions. Referring to a September 13, 2014, killing of a former Maoist,  who was branded a 'Police informer', on the East Godavari-Visakhapatnam border in Andhra Pradesh, Deputy Chief Minister and State Home Minister N. Chinarajappa noted, on September 14, 2014, "Extremists are making a frantic bid for existence." Significantly, Gudsa Usendi aka G.V.K. Prasad Rao, spokesperson of the Dandakaranya Special Zonal Committee (DKSZC), who surrendered in Andhra Pradesh on January 8, 2014, disclosed that one of the main reasons for his leaving the party was indiscriminate and excessive killing of innocent tribals by branding them as ‘Police informers’. Interestingly, in 2010, Prasad had defended the killing of ‘Police informers’, arguing, “We have to kill informers. If we don’t, we will not be able to survive. We give them several warnings, but if they still divulge information [to the Police] we kill them.”

Both central and the State SF personnel depend on the information provided by local villagers regarding geography, topography and Maoist activity, to carry out combing operations. An unnamed officer conceded, "Our forces are always dependent on the locals for information regarding the rebels' movement and operations. By eliminating the informers, they directly target our operations." It is, consequently, imperative that the Government device an effective strategy to secure the lives of people who provide critical information to the Forces, despite the relentless Maoist offensive against them.

BANGLADESH
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Islamists: Terror Heists
Sanchita Bhattacharya
Research Associate, Institute for Conflict Management

On June 7, 2015, a team of Detective Branch (DB) of Police arrested nine militants of the Bangladesh Jihadi Group (BJG) from capital city Dhaka’s Banashree and Sutrapur areas, while they were preparing to execute bank robberies. A huge quantity of bombs, explosives and books on jihad (holy war) were seized from their possession. While six of the arrestees - identified as Kazi Iftekhar Khaled aka Khaled aka Ifti, Fahad bin Nurullah Kashemi aka Fahad aka Kayes, Mohammad Rahat, Din Islam, Ariful Karim Chowdhury aka Adnan and Nurul Islam – were picked from the garage of a Banashree apartment, another three – identified as Mawlana Nurullah Kashemi, Delwar Hossain, and Yasin Arafat – were arrested from Sutrapur. Sanwar Hossain, Additional Deputy Commissioner (ADC, South Dhaka) stated that Rahat, Fahad and Khaled were experts in making bombs.

BJG is a platform comprising four militant organisations, Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh (HuJI-B), Ansarullah Bangla Team (ABT), Jama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) and Hizb-ut-Tahrir (HuT). Members of BJG follow the strategies of the international terrorist organisation, Islamic State (IS), as clearly declared from their official website: https://jihadbd2.wordpress.com, which also flaunts the infamous IS black flag, along with Jihadi literature and videos in Bengali. Although little information regarding the date and formation of BJG is available, the first post on its official Twitter account appeared on March 14, 2014. On Twitter, BJG is followed by 152 people; and the militants have, so far, tweeted 605 times. According to investigators, the arrested nine were planning to kill noted persons in Bangladesh after amassing money by robbing banks.

On April 21, 2015, suspected ABT cadres carried out a gruesome bank heist at the Kathgora Branch [in the Dhaka sub-urban area] of the Bangladesh Commerce Bank Limited, in which nine people were killed and 23 were injured. The dead included the bank manager and one of the robbers. DB arrested the alleged mastermind behind the bank heist, Mahfuzul Islam Shamim alias Suman, on May 31, 2015, and claimed that Shamim was one of the leaders of ABT and the robbery was conducted to raise funds for the organisation. ABT was banned in Bangladesh on May 25, 2015, but had first hit headlines with the assassination of anti-Islamist blogger Ahmed Rajib Haider, an architect and an activist of the Shahbag Movement which began on February 5, 2013, in Dhaka city. ABT is distinguished from better known Islamist extremist groups in Bangladesh by its propaganda and indoctrination capabilities. ABT projects its doctrine of jihad through 117 web pages, including Facebook and Twitter handles, and various blogs.

Although, data specifically related to Bank robbery is unavailable, the official website of Bangladesh Police provides Crime statistics, including robbery and burglary, since 2010. The data indicates that between 2010 and 2014, a total of 5,268 cases of robbery and 14,733 cases of burglary were registered. There is no separate aggregation of such incidents connected with terrorist organisations.

Meanwhile, referring to the June 7 arrests, ADC Sanwar Hossain stated on June 8,
We have received some alarming information by analysing the laptop. We found a 48-page research book that contains information on how to take control or hack the e-banking system. They made a list of banks having e-banking system and were assessing those that have relatively weak security measures… These militants are experts on technology. They encrypted all the information on the laptop for which we are facing difficulties to recover the data. We need the help of the latest techniques and technology mainly used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to decode it. The militants were also collecting information on the activities of local and international law enforcement agencies.

According to a June 9, 2015, report referring to the same arrests, these terrorists had not only planned bank robberies but had also formed a ‘research cell’ to take control of the electronic banking (e-banking) system of several banks. Before being neutralised by law enforcers, the group was developing software to infiltrate the e-banking systems and change information about account holders, to have money transferred to their accounts or withdrawn using fake debit and credit cards. DB made these discoveries after interrogating the nine arrestees and analysing the laptop recovered from their possession. They also found software in the laptop that allowed users to withdraw up to BDT 25,000 against each credit card.

Indeed, according to DB sources, arrested terrorists asserted that they considered the money and valuables kept in banks to be “war spoils” and also believe that most of the banks in the country do not operate in accordance with the principles of Islamic Shariah and, consequently, looting them was not a religious offence. DB officials disclosed, further, that Kashemi met detained HuJI-B leader Mawlana Abdur Rauf in jail to chalk out the bank looting plans. During their meeting, Kashemi and others received direction from Rauf, who also asked them to carry on with other organisational activities. Abdur Rauf is a top HuJI-B leader and also a charge-sheeted accused in a case filed for the August 21, 2004, grenade attack on an Awami League rally.

A June 10 report further suggested that these terrorist outfits also planned to loot money from different Non-Government Organisations (NGOs), including the Grameen Bank. Sanwar Hossain argued, “Militants have decided this, since their traditional ways of collecting funds have shrunk thanks to monitoring of the Bangladesh Bank and law enforcement agencies.” According to DB, militants used to collect funds from different sources, including through “well-wishers” who believed in similar ideology. Funds also came from outside the country.

Interestingly enough, in the month of February 2015 the central bank of the country, Bangladesh Bank, had put banks in Bangladesh on maximum alert so that they could protect against being exploited to finance terrorism, following Prime Minister, Sheikh Hasina Wajed’s directive. On February 11, the Deputy Governor of Bangladesh Bank and Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit (BFIU) Chief Abu Hena Mohammad Razee Hassan told chief executive officers of all banks of the heightened alert, stating,
You will take the maximum caution so that your banks are not used for any kind of terror financing or by any terrorist for transactions... BFIU or Bangladesh Bank will conduct thorough inspection to see whether the branch officials are aware of the order. Taking into consideration the legal obligations as to whether the anti-money laundering and anti-terror finance mechanism is being applied properly, chief executive of the bank need get the compliance system of his bank evaluated by the internal control and audit department or by forming a separate team, if necessary.

Earlier, on February 5, Prime Minister Wajed had directed all banks and financial institutions to identify those who finance militant and terror activities. She had also called for strict monitoring of financial transactions carried out through banks to stop terror funding.

It is interesting to note that, since 2002, when the Anti-Money Laundering Act was promulgated, Bangladesh has been trying to curb the menace of terror financing. Responding to growing international pressure after 9/11, the Bangladesh Government had also formed a central and regional taskforce on January 27, 2002, to deal with money laundering and terrorist finance. Subsequently, a Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) was established within the Bangladesh Bank on May 16, 2007. A document titled National Strategy for Preventing Money Laundering and Combating Financing of Terrorism 2011-2013, outlines the Government’s present strategy to deal with the problem, and defines its mission, “To bring the anti-money laundering/combating of financing terror system and procedures of Bangladesh in full convergence with international best practice standards set by FATF and other multi-lateral forums”.

In November 2014, Bangladesh furthered regulatory steps by venturing into the NGO finance regulation. On June 3, 2014, Cabinet Secretary M. Musharraf Hossain Bhuiyan stated, "No NGO will be able to run its activities without taking registration from the NGO Affairs Bureau. No registration is required in case of individuals, but approval has to be taken from the Bureau... The proposed law has also a provision for punishment, cancellation of registration and imposition of fines for violating the law".

The involvement of terror groups in e-banking fraud and bank robbery appears to be an act of desperation to collect fund for terrorism, as ‘traditional’ sources dry up, and the organisations suffer an acute resource crunch. Significantly, the official regulations on money laundering and NGO funding will substantially diminish the scope for terrorist and extremist formations to finance their activities.

Nevertheless, the coming together of various terrorist outfits under a single umbrella is an alarming development, particularly within the context of the present violent and polarlized political scenario in Bangladesh. Indeed, the formation of the International Crime Tribunal-1 (ICT-1) on March 25, 2010, with the objective of bringing the perpetrators of War Crimes of 1971 to justice, has sparked major turmoil and violence in the country. According to partial data collated by Institute for Conflict Management, since that date, at least 467 people, including 261 civilians, 27 Security Force personnel and 179 extremists have been killed, principally in acts of terror targeting civilians, or in street violence. The present initiatives to tighten the e-banking system and to harden the security shield for the banking establishments can be expected to be strengthened further, as the Hasina Government intensifies its enormously successful efforts against Islamist extremism and terrorism in Bangladesh.


NEWS BRIEFS

Weekly Fatalities: Major Conflicts in South Asia
June 15-21, 2015

 

Civilians

Security Force Personnel

Terrorists/Insurgents

Total

BANGLADESH

 

Left-wing Extremism

0
0
1
1
INDIA  

Jammu and Kashmir

1
1
3
5

Meghalaya

0
0
4
4

Left-wing Extremism

 

Andhra Pradesh

0
0
1
1

Chhattisgarh

0
1
0
1

Odisha

1
0
0
1

Total (INDIA)

2
2
8
12

PAKISTAN

 

FATA

0
0
45
45

KP

0
1
0
1

Sindh

4
0
12
16

PAKISTAN (Total)

4
1
57
62
Provisional data compiled from English language media sources.


BANGLADESH

Government had been facing various impediments as it was holding the trial of War Criminals, says Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed on June 18 said the Government had been facing various impediments as it was holding the trial of War Criminals. She said "The Awami League Government is facing various obstacles since assuming power for the second time in a row as we've completed the trial of Bangabandhu's killers and are holding the trial of War Criminals." Thedailystar, June 9, 2015.

SC upholds JeI Secretary General Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed's death penalty for crimes against humanity during Liberation War: The Supreme Court (SC) on June 16 upheld the death penalty to War Criminal and Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI) Secretary General Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed for his crimes against humanity during the Liberation War in 1971. Earlier, on July 17, 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal-2 (ICT-2) had awarded the death penalty to Mojaheed. Out of the seven charges brought against him, the tribunal had awarded him the death penalty on two charges. The Independent, June 16, 2015.


INDIA

JMB 'chief trainer' arrested in West Bengal: The National Investigating Agency (NIA) arrested Nurul Hoque alias Naeem, 'chief trainer' of the Indian module of Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), from Howrah station in Kolkata (West Bengal) on June 18. Naeem also collected funds for the terror outfit and had undergone arms training under National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang (NSCN-K) in Myanmar. Times of India, June 19, 2015.

Indian intelligence agencies issues warning of "imminent" attack(s) on Israeli nationals and installations by al Qaeda: Indian intelligence agencies have issued an alert, warning of "imminent" attack(s) on Israeli nationals and installations by al Qaeda. An official said the alert was of a serious nature and all states, particularly Delhi, Maharashtra, Goa and Himachal Pradesh where the maximum number of Israeli nationals live or visit, have been asked to ensure no untoward incident takes place. Times of India, June 20, 2015.

IB sounds alert of possible IS strike across India: The Intelligence Bureau (IB) has sounded an alert on a possible strike by the Islamic State (IS) across the country. The alert, which has been sent to all state police forces, says the group can target Turkish nationals and interests in the country. The alert issued on June 1 states that consequent to developments in Syria, it is anticipated that there may be increased threat to Turkish Missions and interests in various countries by terror organisation IS. India Today, June 18, 2015.

New militant group formed in Assam: A new insurgent group, Tiwa Liberation Army (TLA), emerged in the Baithalangsu area of Karbi Anglong District earlier this month. The outfit formed to fight for the 'cause' of Tiwa community, is led by 'commander-in-chief' Sanjeeb Amdeng. The other prominent cadres include Thag Beswal, Amiong, Tubang, Robin and Dipak. The Sentinel, June 19, 2015.

Violence costs India 4.7 percent of its GDP in 2014, according to Global Peace Index: According to Global Peace Index (GPI), published on June 16, violence costs India USD 341.7 billion, or 4.7 percent of its Gross Domestic Production (GDP), in 2014, the fourth highest cost in the world. India ranked 143 out of 162 countries on the Index. The report said India is in a 'low' state of peace. The report found that over two billion people live in the 20 least peaceful countries in the world, compared with less than 500 million in the 20 most peaceful. Livemint, June 17, 2015.

India failing to curb terror funds, according to U.S. Country Terrorism Reports 2014: The U.S. State Department's "Country Terrorism Reports 2014" noted that despite India aligning its domestic anti-money laundering and counterterrorist financing (AML-CFT) regime with international standards "the Indian government has yet to implement the legislation effectively, however, especially with regard to criminal convictions". The U.S. alleged that the Indian Government was restricting its enforcement anti-hawala (illegal money transfer) prosecutions to non-financial businesses only, and more than two years after the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, "the government has not taken adequate steps to ensure all relevant industries are complying…" The Hindu, June 20, 2015.


NEPAL

Supreme Court stays 16-point deal enforcement: The Supreme Court (SC) on June 19 ordered the government, the Constituent Assembly (CA) and concerned political parties not to implement the 16-point political deal recently struck by major political forces with a view to settling key contentious issues in constitution making. Issuing an interim order, the court said issues like delineation and nomenclature of provinces should be settled before the dissolution of CA. My Republica, June 20, 2015.

New constitution through 'double fast track', says PM Sushil Koirala: Prime Minister (PM) Sushil Koirala said the constitution drafting task should be carried out through 'double fast track'. "Others are saying fast track. But i say mere fast track is not enough, let's go to double fast track," PM Koirala said on June 18. Kantipur Online, June 19, 2015.


PAKISTAN

45 militants killed during the week in FATA: At least 20 militants, including key 'commanders', were killed and 18 others were wounded when Pakistani jet fighters pounded the hideouts of Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Lashkar-e-Islam (LI) militants in Kukikhel area of Tirah Valley in Khyber Agency of Federally Administered Areas (FATA) on June 19.

As many as 25 militants including three key commanders were killed in clashes with Security Forces (SFs) in the Shawal tehsil area of North Waziristan Agency on June 17. Daily Times; Dawn; The News; Tribune; Central Asia Online; The Nation; The Frontier Post; Pakistan Today; Pakistan Observer,  June 16-22, 2015.

Supreme Court wants to examine trial of 'terrorists' by military courts: The Supreme Court on June 16 directed Attorney General Salman Aslam Butt to submit record pertaining to the trials of five convicts awarded death sentences by the military courts in order to see whether the principle of fair trial was followed or not. A 17-member full bench of the apex court, headed by Chief Justice Nasirul Mulk, was hearing petitions against the 18th and 21st constitutional amendments. Daily Times, June 17, 2015.

Pakistan 'two-timing on terrorism', highlights US Country Terrorism Reports 2014: Acknowledging that the Pakistani military undertook operations against groups that conducted attacks within Pakistan, such as Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), US Country Terrorism Reports 2014 released on June 19 stated that Pakistan "did not take action against other groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba, which continued to operate, train, rally, propagandize, and fundraise in Pakistan." "Lashkar e-Taiba (LeT) and its alias organizations continued to operate freely in Pakistan, and there were no indications that Pakistan took significant enforcement actions against the group," the report said. Times of India, June 19, 2015.


SRI LANKA

Army denies reports of closing 59 Army camps in Jaffna District since January 2015: Army on June 16 denied media reports which said that 59 Army camps in Jaffna District of Northern Province have been closed since January 2015 after the new Government was established. It gave an account on the factual position in its correct perspectiveColombo Page, June 18, 2015.


The South Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR) is a weekly service that brings you regular data, assessments and news briefs on terrorism, insurgencies and sub-conventional warfare, on counter-terrorism responses and policies, as well as on related economic, political, and social issues, in the South Asian region.

SAIR is a project of the Institute for Conflict Management and the South Asia Terrorism Portal.

South Asia Intelligence Review [SAIR]

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K. P. S. Gill

Editor
Dr. Ajai Sahni


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