| |
SOUTH ASIA INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
Weekly Assessments & Briefings
Volume 14, No. 41, April 11, 2016
Data and
assessments from SAIR can be freely published in any form
with credit to the South Asia Intelligence Review of the
South Asia Terrorism Portal
|
LWE:
Reverses & Resistance
Ajit
Kumar Singh
Research
Fellow, Institute for Conflict Management
On April
5, 2016, three villagers were killed by Communist Party
of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist)
cadres in two separate incidents in the Bastar region
of Chhattisgarh. As per preliminary information, three
villagers from the Kudur area in Kondagaon District were
abducted by the Maoists on April 4, and two others were
abducted on April 5, from the same area. Subsequently,
the Maoists held a Jan Adalat (kangaroo court)
around 15 kilometers from Kudur in the Tilam-Becha area,
which falls in Narayanpur District. There two of the abducted
civilians were "brutally beaten to death", while
the rest three were released by the ultras. In a separate
incident, a villager was killed by the Maoists in Kanker
District allegedly for refusing to support them. The victim
was "brutally beaten with sticks to death by rebels
at his native place Kadgaon" subsequent to his abduction.
On March
30, 2016, seven personnel of the Central Reserve Police
Force (CRPF) were killed in the Dantewada District of
Chhattisgarh in a Maoist-triggered landmine explosion.
The incident happened when a vehicle carrying the CRPF
personnel belonging to the Ghusaras CRPF camp in Dantewada
were returning after leave for Holi (the Hindu
festival of colors). Three troopers were also injured
in the explosion.
On March
29, 2016, three CPI-Maoist cadres were killed in an encounter
with Security Force (SF) personnel in the Narayanpur District
of Chhattisgarh. A statement by Inspector General of Police
(IGP), Bastar Range, S. R. P. Kalluri disclosed,
At
around 9.30am, when the parties were searching their
target areas in Sulenga Tirkanar Forest under Dhaurai
Police Station limits, the Maoists opened heavy
firing on them. Our men took a position and retaliated
with heavy fire and forced the Maoists to flee from
the spot... Three dead bodies of uniformed Maoists
were found after searching the area.
|
According
to partial data compiled by the Institute for Conflict
Management (ICM), at least 143 persons, including
42 civilians, 27 SFs personnel and 74 Naxalites (Left
Wing Extremists, LWE), have been killed in LWE-related
violence across India in 2016 thus far (data till April
10, 2016). Though Chhattisgarh has recorded the maximum
number of 76 fatalities, other States have also accounted
for several killings, including Jharkhand (30), Odisha
(16), Bihar (8), Maharashtra (7), and Andhra Pradesh (6).
During the corresponding period of 2015, the number of
such fatalities had stood at 67, including 25 civilians,
21 SFs personnel and 21 LWEs. Clearly, there has been
a quantum jump in fatalities in all categories, giving
cause for serious concern
This is
more worrying because the adverse trend now visible contrasts
with the declining trend of violence that has been recorded
in Maoist-affected regions across India over the past
several years.
According
to the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (UMHA), the number
of Maoist-linked fatalities stood at 315 in 2015, including
168 civilians, 58 SF personnel and 89 Naxalites. Chhattisgarh
recorded the highest number of fatalities, 145; followed
by Jharkhand, 79; Odisha, 38; Maharashtra, 20; Bihar,
19; Andhra Pradesh, 10; and Telangana, 4. In 2014, 373
fatalities, including 222 civilians, 88 SF personnel and
63 LWEs, were recorded. Since 2011, on year on year basis,
LWE-linked fatalities had been constantly declining, with
an aberration in 2013. [In 2012, 489 fatalities were recorded,
increasing marginally to 497 in 2013. The increase was
primarily because fatalities among Naxalites had jumped
from 74 in 2012 to 100 in 2013, civilian and SF fatalities
recorded a decline.] According to UMHA data available
since 1999, year 2015 recorded the lowest number of LWE-related
fatalities across India. The previous lowest was 373 recorded
in 2014. The number of civilians and SF personnel killed
in 2015 was also the lowest registered since 1999. The
lowest numbers of LWEs were killed in 2014. At the peak
of LWE violence, 1,177 persons, including 720 civilians,
285 SF personnel and 172 Naxalites were killed in 2010.
Year 2015
also saw the lowest number of LWE-related incidents since
1999, at 1,088; as against 1,091 in 2014, the previous
lowest. The declining trend in this category was established
in 2010. Other parameters of LWE violence also registered
significant declines. For instance, the number of attacks
on Police (including landmines) decreased from 155 in
2014 to 118 in 2015. Similarly, the total number of arms
snatched declined from 58 in 2014 to 18 in 2015. The number
of arms training camps held by LWEs reduced from 34 in
2014 to 18 in 2015. More significantly, the number of
kangaroo courts, an index of LWE strength in a particular
area, declined from 54 in 2014, to 40 in 2015. In 2011,
LWEs held 97 such 'Courts'.
The area
of LWE influence also continued to shrink further. The
number of LWE-affected Districts in 2015 stood at 106
in 10 States, down from 161 Districts in 16 States in
2014. In 2015, Bihar accounted for the maximum number
of affected Districts, at 22; followed by Jharkhand, 21;
Odisha, 19; Chhattisgarh, 16; Andhra Pradesh and Telangana,
8 each; Maharashtra and West Bengal, 4 each; and Madhya
Pradesh, 1. The maximum numbers of Districts, 232, were
declared Maoist-affected in 2007. There has been a constant
decline in the number of Districts affected by Naxalite
violence since then, with an exception in 2011, when the
number increased to 203 Districts in 20 States, from 196
in 20 States recorded in 2010.
Moreover,
according to partial data compiled by the South Asia
Terrorism Portal (SATP) fatalities were reported from
39 Districts in seven States in 2015, as against 40 Districts
in eight states in 2014. Fatalities have already been
recorded from 29 Districts in six States in 2016.
The decline
registered in LWE violence is due to several factors,
the primary among which has been successful intelligence-based
operations launched by SFs over the past years, which
have helped them neutralize top cadres among the rebels.
According to the SATP database, between 2010 and 2016,
at least 667 leadership elements of the Maoists have been
neutralized (82 killed, 383 arrested, 202 surrendered).
According to UMHA data, the total number of LWE cadres
arrested between 2010 and 2015 stands at 11,608. During
the same period at least 633 LWE cadres surrendered. Significantly,
the Government informed the Parliament on July 30, 2014,
“As per available reports, the estimated armed cadre strength
of the Left Wing Extremist groups is around 8,500. However,
their support base is in larger number.”
The Central
Government, in the meantime, declared a ‘four pronged
strategy’ to fight against the LWE menace, including security
related interventions, development related interventions,
ensuring rights and entitlements of forest dwellers and
better public perception management. While this does not
diverge significantly from the multiplicity of ‘multi-pronged’
approaches announced from time to time by regimes in the
past, UMHA has now claimed the implementation of the Construction/Strengthening
of fortified Police Stations (PSs) scheme for construction/strengthening
of 400 Police Stations in 10 LWE affected States at INR
two million per Police Station on a funding pattern of
80 (Central share) : 20 (State share) basis. 284 PSs have
been completed thus far. In an effort to improve the communication
network in LWE-affected areas, the Department of Telecom
has been implementing the Construction of Mobile Towers
Scheme for construction of 2,199 mobile towers in 10 LWE
affected States, of which 1,424 mobile towers have been
put on air up to February 2, 2016. The Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways (MoRTH), under the Road Requirement
Plan–I (RRP-I), that has been under implementation since
February 2009 for improving road connectivity in the 34
worst LWE-affected Districts in eight States, has constructed
3,904 kilometers of roads (till January 31, 2016). A
total of 5,422 kilometers of road are to be constructed
under this plan. Moreover, respective State Governments
– Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar,
Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand,
Maharashtra,
Odisha,
Telangana
– have also taken several steps to counter the LWE threat.
Despite
the pressure they are under, LWEs continue to resist.
Not surprisingly, according to the annual report of UMHA
for 2015-16, submitted to the Parliament in March 2016,
"Left Wing Extremism (LWE) remains an area of concern
for internal security of the country. CPI (Maoist) continues
to be the most potent among the various LWE outfits in
the country and accounts for more than 80 per cent of
total LWE violence incidents and resultant deaths."
The recent surge substantiates the UMHA's concern.
If the
dramatic security gains of the past years are to be consolidated,
respective State Governments will have to further intensify
counter-Naxalite operations with the support of the Central
Government. New Delhi, in the meantime, would need to
work towards forging a unity of operations and perspectives
among these respective States, to ensure coordination
and, indeed, synergy among them and between the Forces
operating in the affected States. An efforts of revival
by the Maoists will need to be contained to ensure that
the recent declines in Maoist activities are not merely
a tactical
retreat, as the Maoists claim, but
a permanent setback that will gradually be compounded
into the irreversible defeat of this enduring movement
of violence.
|
Troubles
Persist
S.
Binodkumar Singh
Research Associate, Institute for Conflict Management
On April
6, 2016, United Democratic Madhesi Front (UDMF) cadres
protested the visit of Minister of Forest and Soil Conservation,
Agni Prasad Sapkota, greeting him with black flags in
the Rautahat District. Ram Niwas Yadav, District Coordinator
of UDMF, observed, “We have restricted the Ministers or
any other Government officials from visiting the District.
But, Sapkota’s visit sparked tension; so we protested.”
The agitation by UDMF – comprising the Upendra Yadav-led
Federal Socialist Forum-Nepal (FSF-N), the Mahantha Thakur-led
Tarai Madhes Democratic Party (TMDP), the Rajendra Mahato-led
Sadbhawana Party (SP) and the Mahendra Raya Yadav-led
Tarai Madhes Sadbhawana Party (TMSP) began
– commenced on July 1, 2015, when they burnt copies of
the preliminary draft of the Constitution in capital Kathmandu,
as it failed to incorporate their demands. The Madhesi
protestors are the demanding redrawing of the boundaries
of Provinces in the Himalayan nation as proposed in the
new Constitution, and the restoration of rights granted
to Madhesis in the Interim
Constitution of 2007 which, they claim,
the new Constitution has snatched away.
According
to partial data compiled by the South Asia Terrorism
Portal (SATP), at least 44 persons, including
25 civilians and 19 Security Force (SF) personnel, were
killed and another 229, including 166 civilians and 63
SF personnel, were injured in violent protests across
the Terai
region during the first round of violence,
between July 1 and September 19, 2015. In Surhket District,
adjoining the Terai region, another two civilians were
killed and 50 were injured. Further, violence continued
subsequent to the adoption of the new Constitution on
September 20, 2015, with 13 civilians and one SF trooper
killed and another 448 persons, including 344 civilians
and 104 SF personnel, injured in violent protests across
the Tarai region, according to SATP data. In adjoining
Districts, one civilian was killed in Udayapur and another
was injured in Dhading District (all data till April 10,
2016).
Meanwhile,
to mount pressure on the Government to address their demands
at the earliest, as many as 100 cadres of UDMF started
a blockade at Dasgaja on the Indo-Nepal border, near Birgunj
town in Parsa District, on September 24, 2015. However,
keeping in mind country’s problems, people’s needs and
their suggestions, UDMF decided to lift the border blockade
on February 8, 2016, and put off its general strike to
allow Government offices to function for the time being.
However, UDMF stated in its release, “Our agitation will
continue till our demands are met. No matter what the
circumstances are, we will not backtrack from our struggle.”
The violent protests, however, came to an end.
Estimating
the economic losses of the Terai turmoil and subsequent
economic blockade, the Federation of the Nepalese Chambers
of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI), Nepal's apex business
body, claimed on January 12, 2016, that the Madhesi protests
resulted in a huge revenue loss to the country amounting
to an estimated NR two billion daily over the preceding
five months, and that more than 400,000 Nepalis lost their
jobs and 2,200 manufacturing units stopped operations.
Meanwhile,
on February 17, 2016, the task forces of the three major
political parties – the Nepali Congress (NC), Communist
Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML) and
Unified Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M)
– and the agitating UDMF discussed the Terms of Reference
(ToR) of the political mechanism to be formed to revise
provincial boundaries, but failed to reach an agreement.
The UDMF taskforce members put forth their views on the
UDMF’s 11-point
demand and sought a package deal.
However, members of the taskforce of the major parties
were concerned only with forming a political mechanism.
Finally, on February 18, 2016, UDMF rejected the political
mechanism formed under Deputy Prime Minister and Minister
of Foreign Affairs Kamal Thapa to revise provincial boundaries,
arguing that the newly formed mechanism would not be able
to address the demands of the agitating parties.
Later,
on March 11, 2016, the agitating UDMF held talks with
Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli and submitted a seven-point
memorandum to the Prime Minister urging the Government
to address their 11-point demands before mid-April. In
the four-page memorandum, the front also demanded the
delineation of constituencies on the basis of population
and the retention of the proportions of the mixed election
system ensured in the Interim Constitution. At the end
of the meeting, the Prime Minister formed the political
committee under the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister
of Foreign Affairs Kamal Thapa to find a solution to the
issues of provincial boundaries.
Nevertheless,
to escalate pressure, the agitating Madhesi parties decided
on March 15, 2016, to launch fresh protests from the second
week of April if their demands are not addressed by then.
Further, the Federal Alliance, comprising UDMF and 15
other political parties, organized a protest rally in
Kathmandu on March 19, 2016, demanding amendments to the
Constitution to address the concerns of Madhesis, Janajatis
and other ‘marginalized communities’. In a Press Release
on March 21, 2016, the Alliance urged the public to prepare
for a “decisive joint people’s movement”, declaring that
it would continue to fight for identity-based federalism
no matter how difficult and how long the battle was. The
Alliance also declared that the First Amendment to the
Constitution addressed none of the vital issues related
to identity-based federalism, autonomous provinces and
multi-language policy, the Upper House of the Parliament,
federal judiciary, local bodies, and multi-nationalities
– concerns the Alliance had articulated. On January 23,
2016, Parliament voted to amend the country's new Constitution
after its promulgation four months earlier, to ensure
higher representation in Government bodies on the basis
of proportional inclusion of the Madhesis and other marginalized
communities. However, the lawmakers of agitating Madhesi
parties boycotted the voting, arguing that the amendment
failed to address their core demand of fresh demarcation
of provincial boundaries. Madhesi lawmaker Sarbendra Nath
Sukla declared, “This amendment fails to fulfill our demands.
Our agitation will go on.”
A series
of such warnings followed. Ashok Kumar Rai, Parliamentary
Party leader of FSF-N, stated on April 7, 2016, that launching
another movement had become a compulsion for UDMF as the
Government had been indifferent to the Front’s demands.
He noted that senior leaders would complete the campaign
by mid-April, when the ultimatum served to the Government
to address UDMF’s demands would end.
Meanwhile,
Minister for Home Affairs Shakti Basnet, while speaking
at a Press Conference organized by the Federation of Revolutionary
Journalists at Bharatpur Airport in Chitwan District on
April 3, 2016, argued, “Most of the demands of Madhes-based
parties have already been addressed by amending the Constitution.
Rest of the demands will be addressed through the political
mechanism.”
Further,
on March 30, 2016, Prime Minister Oli assured the nation
that there would not be any kind of border blockade and
obstruction in free transportation, as the Government
would not tolerate such activities, and remarked, “The
Government will move ahead in accordance with the law.
The Government cannot just look at Nepali people suffering
because of someone’s whim.” Further, on April 5, 2016,
the Prime Minister added that the Government had learnt
a serious lesson from the five-month blockade and was
now committed to further diversification of Nepal’s transit
and trade options.
Underscoring
the need for unity among parties for effective implementation
of the newly promulgated Constitution, Law Minister Agni
Kharel observed, on March 29, 2016, “As the statute is
the common achievement of all the people and the parties,
unity and cooperation among them is a must for its proper
implementation. The main opposition Nepali Congress must
join the Government to ensure the effective execution
of the statute.”
However,
NC General Secretary Krishna Prasad Sitaula on April 6,
2016, stressed that NC would not join the incumbent Government
in the present context. Sitaula nevertheless stated that
his party would remain involved in the resolution of the
Madhes agitation, implementation of the new Constitution
and economic prosperity of the country. Earlier, arguing
that the current Government had itself become a hindrance
to the implementation of the country's new Constitution,
NC central leader Bimalendra Nidhi asserted, on April
1, 2016, "The Government has failed completely to
implement the Constitution, address the issues of Madhes
and execute post-quake reconstruction works."
The promulgation
of the new Constitution on September 20, 2015, was no
doubt a historic step forward, but certain shortcomings
clearly remain. With the Madhesi groups threatening a
revival of their disruptive agitation and blockade, it
is imperative that the main political parties end their
blame games and unite to address the residual grievances
and reservations of various political formations.
|
Weekly Fatalities: Major
Conflicts in South Asia
April
4-10, 2016
|
Civilians
|
Security
Force Personnel
|
Terrorists/Insurgents
|
Total
|
BANGLADESH
|
|
Islamist Terrorism
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
3
|
Left-wing
Extremism
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
Total (BANGLADESH)
|
1
|
0
|
4
|
5
|
INDIA
|
|
Assam
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
5
|
Jammu and
Kashmir
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
4
|
Meghalaya
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
Nagaland
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Left-Wing
Extremism
|
|
Chhattisgarh
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
4
|
Jharkhand
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Odisha
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Total (INDIA)
|
11
|
2
|
5
|
18
|
PAKISTAN
|
|
Balochistan
|
2
|
1
|
49
|
52
|
FATA
|
0
|
0
|
18
|
18
|
KP
|
4
|
2
|
0
|
6
|
Punjab
|
0
|
0
|
10
|
10
|
Sindh
|
6
|
0
|
6
|
12
|
Total (PAKISTAN)
|
|
|
|
|
Provisional
data compiled from English language media sources.
|
INDIA
JeM
'chief'
Maulana
Masood
Azhar
was
a
handler
of
Pathankot
attackers,
India
told
to
UN:
India
told
the
United
Nations
(UN)
that
Jaish-e-Mohammed
(JeM)
'chief'
Maulana
Masood
Azhar
was
one
of
the
handlers
of
the
terrorists
who
attacked
the
Pathankot
airbase
(January
2,
2016)
and
his
outfit
received
arms
training
from
Taliban.
In
its
failed
bid
to
have
Masood
designated
as
terrorist
by
the
UN,
India
has
conveyed
to
the
world
body
that
he
and
his
terrorist
group
JeM
have
continuously
engineered
terror
attacks
against
India,
the
latest
instance
being
the
strike
on
Pathankot
airbase.
Hindustan
Times,
April
6,
2016.
JeM
'chief'
Masood
Azhar
conducted
recruitment
drive
in
UK,
reveals
BBC:
Jaish-e-Mohammed
(JeM)
'chief'
Maulana
Masood
Azhar
was
allowed
to
preach
extremist
ideology
at
several
British
mosques
during
a
month-long
visit
to
United
Kingdom
(UK)
in
1993
on
the
invitation
of
Islamist
scholars
when
young
Muslims
were
asked
to
seek
weapons
training
at
terrorist
camps
in
Pakistan,
said
British
Broadcasting
Corporation
(BBC).
According
the
investigation,
senior
representatives
of
the
Deobandi
sect
that
controls
nearly
half
of
Britain's
1,600
mosques,
hosted
Azhar
during
the
visit
in
which
hundreds
of
young
Muslims
were
urged
to
seek
weapons
training
at
terrorist
camps
in
Pakistan.
Times
of
India,
April
6,
2016.
India
plans
5-layer
'lock'
at
Pakistan
border,
says
report:
The
Centre
has
okayed
a
five-layer
elaborate
plan
to
completely
stop
infiltration
on
the
2,900-kilometres
western
border
with
Pakistan.
It
entails
round-the-clock
surveillance
through
sophisticated
technology
which
in
effect
will
totally
"lock"
India's
western
border
to
prevent
terror
attacks
and
smuggling.
CCTV
cameras,
thermal
image
and
night-vision
devices,
battlefield
surveillance
radar,
underground
monitoring
sensors
and
laser
barriers
will
be
placed
along
the
border
to
track
all
movement
from
the
other
side.
The
integrated
set-up
will
ensure
that
if
one
device
doesn't
work,
another
will
alert
the
control
room
in
case
of
a
transgression,
officials
said.
Times
of
India,
April
11,
2016.
NEPAL
UDMF,
Federal
Alliance,
INNM
and
some
other
outfits
agree
to
launch
nation-wide
movement
under
single
banner:
A
meeting
of
the
United
Democratic
Madhesi
Front
(UDMF),
Federal
Alliance,
Indigenous
Nationalities
National
Movement
(INNM)
and
some
other
outfits
championing
the
cause
of
Janajatis
held
a
meeting
in
Kathmandu
on
April
9
and
agreed
to
launch
a
nation-wide
movement
under
single
banner
in
order
to
force
the
major
forces
to
ensure
rights
of
Madhesis,
Janajatis
and
other
marginalized
communities.
Rajkishor
Yadav,
Chairman
of
Madhesi
Janadhikar
Forum-Republican
(MJF-R),
a
constituent
of
the
UDMF
said
the
Madhesi
and
Janajati
forces
agreed
that
there
was
no
alternative
to
movement
for
the
Government
remained
indifferent
to
their
demands.
Himalayan
Times,
April
10,
2016.
PAKISTAN
49
militants
and
two
civilians
among
52
persons
killed
during
the
week
in
Balochistan:
Security
Forces
(SFs)
on
April
9
claimed
to
have
killed
34
suspected
militants,
including
a
key
'commander',
in
the
Kalat
District.
One
security
force
official
was
killed
while
two
others
sustained
injuries
during
the
exchange
of
fire.
SFs
claimed
to
have
killed
15
militants
during
a
raid
in
the
Johan
area
of
Kalat
District
on
April
6.
Daily
Times
,
Dawn
,
The
News
,
Tribune,
April
6-11,
2016.
JuD
runs
parallel
Sharia'h
court
in
Punjab,
says
report:
The
Lashkar-e-Taiba
(LeT)
founder
and
Jama'at-ud-Dawa
(JuD)
'chief'
Hafiz
Muhammad
Saeed
has
set
up
a
Sharia'h
(Islamic
law)
court
in
Lahore,
capital
of
Punjab
Province,
to
dispense
"speedy
justice",
taking
up
citizens'
complaints
and
issuing
summons
carrying
a
warning
of
strict
action
in
case
of
non-compliance.
The
JuD
claimed
the
court
only
offers
arbitration
and
resolves
disputes
in
accordance
with
the
Islamic
judicial
system,
but
failed
to
justify
the
summons.
This
is
the
first
such
parallel
judicial
system
in
Punjab
province.
Dawn,
April
8,
2016.
SRI
LANKA
LTTE
will
never
raise
its
head
again
in
North
without
its
slain
leader
V.
Prabhakaran,
says
Chairman
of
Northern
Province
Council
Secretariat
Kandiya
Sivagnanam:
Chairman
of
Northern
Province
Council
Secretariat
Kandiya
Sivagnanam
said
that
the
Liberation
Tigers
of
Tamil
Eelam
(LTTE)
will
never
raise
its
head
again
in
the
North
without
its
slain
leader
V.
Prabhakaran.
He
said
the
LTTE's
struggle
was
waged
according
to
one
individual's
opinion
and
with
his
death
there
is
no
one
to
resurrect
the
terrorist
organization
although
there
are
LTTE
members
in
other
countries.
But
it
is
not
possible
to
organize
another
armed
conflict
in
an
environment
without
the
guidance
of
the
slain
leader.
Colombo Page,
April
7,
2016.
Government
has
taken
measures
not
to
allow
any
room
to
form
extremist
Muslim
organizations
in
the
country,
says
Minister
of
Law
and
Order
Sagala
Ratnayake:
Minister
of
Law
and
Order
Sagala
Ratnayake
told
the
Parliament
on
April
5
that
the
Government
has
taken
measures
not
to
allow
any
room
to
form
extremist
Muslim
organizations
in
the
country.
According
to
the
Minister,
creating
a
religious
dialogue
and
awareness
with
the
coordination
of
Muslim
politicians,
religious
leaders,
Ministry
of
Education,
Department
of
Muslim
Religious
and
Cultural
Affairs
and
civil
organizations
such
as
All
Ceylon
Jamiyathul
Ulma
(ACJU)
and
National
Shoora
Council
are
the
key
measures
the
Government
has
taken
in
order
to
dissuade
the
Muslim
community
from
joining
in
extremist
activities.
Colombo Page,
April
6,
2016.
The South
Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR) is a weekly service that
brings you regular data, assessments and news briefs on
terrorism, insurgencies and sub-conventional warfare, on
counter-terrorism responses and policies, as well as on
related economic, political, and social issues, in the South
Asian region.
SAIR is a project
of the Institute
for Conflict Management
and the
South
Asia Terrorism Portal.
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